Rumen Fermentation, Blood Metabolites, and Performance of Sheep Fed Tropical Browse Plants

The in vitro study was designed to evaluate total gas production, dry matter degradability (DMD), and VFA profile; while in vivo study was designed to evaluate nutrient intakes, blood metabolites, and performance of sheep fed native grass mixed with Calliandra calothyrrus (CC), Leucaena leucochepala (LL), Moringa oleifera (MO), Gliricidea sepium (GS), and Artocarpus heterophyllus (AH). The best three from the in vitro results were used to formulate diets in in vivo study. Sixteen male growing sheep (average BW 20 kg) were fed 100% native grass (NG) as control; 70% NG + 30% GS; 70% NG + 30% MO; and 70% NG + 30% AH. Nutrient consumptions, DMD, blood metabolites, and sheep performances were analyzed by using Completely Randomized Design. The in vitro results showed that the total gas production and DMD of CC and LL were the lowest (P<0.05) while the highest was found in GS, MO, and AH treatments (P<0.05). Meanwhile, the in vivo results showed that nutrient intakes (DM, CP, and CF) of GS and AH rations were the highest. The ADG, concentration of albumin, and globulin in all treatments were similar, while total serum protein, triglycerides, and glucose concentration in MO and AH rations were higher than others. Serum cholesterol concentration in MO ration was the lowest, meanwhile the concentration of IgG was the highest (P<0.05). Supplementation of 30% MO was the best choice for optimum rumen fermentation and maintaining health status of local sheep

Studi Pemetaan Multi-drug Resistant (Mdr) Escherichia Coli pada Peternakan Babi di Kota Kupang

The aim of this study was to determine the pattern of the spread of antibiotic-resistant E. coli on pig farms in Kupang City by using mapping analysis. Data on E. coli resistance comes from the results of laboratory analysis and as secondary data for spatial analysis. Spatial analysis uses the nearest neighbour index, convex hull and elementary analysis of disease methods. The results of this study have shown a high prevalence of E. coli (85.4%) with clustered distribution patterns and have a wide spread (10920 ha) in the area in Kupang City. MDR E. coli had a moderate prevalence (57.31%) by forming a group spread pattern and a wide spread (7778 Ha) on pig farms in Kupang City. This result encourages prevention and control efforts by all interested parties so that the rate of spread of resistant E. coli can be reduced

Bacterial Protein Characterization of Streptococcus Agalactiae by SDS-page Method for Subclinical Mastitis Irradiated Vaccine Materials in Dairy Cattle

A study have been conducted to isolate and characterize bacterial protein S. agalactiae, which is antigenic and can be used to test immunogenicity of vaccine in order to manufacture irradiated mastitis (inflammation of the udder) vaccine in ruminant. The study aims to determine the Molecular Weight (MW) bacterial protein S. agalactiae irradiation, which can be used to test the nature of its antigenic caharacteristic. The character of S. agalactiae antigenic stimulates antibody induction of the immune system, in which case is the body\u27s defense system against mastitis disease in cattle. In this study, irradiation of gamma ray is used to attenuate the pathogenicity of bacteria by reducing S. agalactiae antigenic caharacteristic. Previous research, in irradiation dose orientation before antigenic protein isolation of S. agalactiae, indicated that irradiation lethal dose to 50% (LD50) is 17 Gy. The characterization of S. agalactiae bacteria isolate using SDS-page method results in no significance different between irradiated and non-irradiated group, which indicated by MW range 75 – 100 kDa base on marker standard which used, or 99 kDa by the linier equation of Y = 11,60 – 0.05X (where Y = bands distance; X = MW standard protein); r2 = 0.99. In conclusion, 17 Gy irradiation dose does not impair antigenic property of S. agalactiae and therefore, can be applied to produce base material of irradiated vaccine for mastitis. Received: 04 May 2012; Revised: 27 November 2012; Accepted: 27 August 201

Immune Responses and Egg Productions of Quails Fed Rations Supplemented with Larvae Meal of Black Soldier Fly (Hermetia illucens)

The larvae of black soldier fly/BSF (Hermetia illucens) seems to be a considerable material as an alternative to antibiotic growth promoters (AGPs) since they are rich in antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) and lauric acid that can improve the health and immune response. This study aimed to evaluate the effect of BSF larvae meal as a replacement of fish meal on production performances, health status, and immune response of quails. The experimental design using completely randomized design consisted of 3 treatments of dose of BSF larvae meal i.e., R0: ration without supplementation of BSF larvae meal; R1: ration supplemented with 6.57% BSF larvae meal to substitute 50% fish meal, and R2: ration supplemented with 13.15% BSF larvae meal to substitute 100% fish meal. The parameters observed were production performances, hematological profile, macrophage phagocytic activity and capacity, and antibody titer against the avian influenza virus. A completely randomized design was arranged with 3 treatments and 5 replications and data collected were analyzed by using one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA). The results showed that ration supplemented with 13.15% BSF larvae meal demonstrated significant effects on the enhancement of egg production and egg mass (p<0.05). Based on hematological profile, the health status of experimental quails was unaltered by the treatments, but immune response of quails fed ration supplemented with 13.15% BSF larvae meal was found to be significantly increased as revealed by the increased average macrophage phagocytic activity and capacity, as well as a higher antibody titer against avian influenza virus (p<0.05). It is concluded that black soldier fly (BSF) larvae meal can be used as an alternative substitution to fish meal up to 13.15%, based on the improvement of immune response and the increase in egg production of quails

G.640T>C Polymorphism of the TGF-β2 Gene is Associated with Salmonella Pullorum Resistance in Indonesian Chickens

The objectives of this study were to identify polymorphism of transforming growth factor β2 (TGF-β2) gene associated with Salmonella pullorum resistance in Indonesian chickens. Polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism (PCR-RFLP) assays were used to genotype Indonesian chickens. Analysis of polymorphism was conducted by using PopGen 3.2 software. The effect of genotype on S. pullorum resistance was analyzed using the SAS General Linear Model (GLM) procedure. Genotyping was performed on 278 chickens from 7 Indonesian chicken populations (Sentul, Merawang, Pelung, Kampung, Parent Cobb broiler, The F1 crossbreed of Kampung x Parent Cobb broiler (KB) and F2 KB x KB. The product of amplification was 284 bp. The TGF-β2| RsaI locus was polymorphic in all populations, producing two alleles (T and C) and three genotypes (TT, CT, and CC). The result from the analysis of the allele and genotype frequency showed that the T allele had a higher frequency than the C allele in all populations. The χ2 analysis showed that the 6 chicken populations were deviated from Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium, with the exception of the Parent Cobb broiler chicken. The association result showed that TT genotype was significantly associated with S. pullorum resistance in Sentul chicken. Although the leukocyte concentration, leukocyte differentiation and H/L ratio in Sentul chicken with three of TGF-β2 genotypes (TT, TC, and CC) were not statistically different. In conclusion, polymorphism in the TGF-β2 chicken gene can be used as a candidate marker to increase S. pullorum immune response

Prevalence and Characterization of Shiga Toxin-Producing Escherichia coli Isolated from Slaughtered Qurban Animal in Jakarta Province

This study was conducted to investigate the presence of shiga toxin producing Escherichia coli (STEC) and the possibility of carrying rfbE gene and H7 flagellar on meat, liver, and stool samples collected from Jakarta Province of Indonesia. A total of 51 samples collected from meat, liver, and stool of slaughtered cattle from qurban festival were tested using conventional culture and multiplex PCR methods. STEC non O157 were detected in meat (5.3%) and stool (8.3%) with one isolate from stool carried H7 flagellar. However, all isolates were lacking of rfbE gene. In antimicrobial susceptibility tests, the STEC isolates showed antibiotic resistance to erythromycin and oxacillin. Overall, the result shows that meat and liver of this origin activity represents a potential risk to human health

Prevalence of Mcr-1 Colistin Resistance Gene in Escherichia Coli Along Broiler Meat Supply Chain in Indonesia

Colistin is the last drug choice for dealing with carbapenem-resistant Enterobacteriaceae; therefore, this drug is very crucial for human health. The discovery of a plasmid-mediated colistin resistance gene, mobilized colistin resistance-1 (mcr-1), signals a significant global health threat. Colistin sulfate is an antimicrobial agent which has been approved for use in broilers in Indonesia. The purposes of this study were to measure the prevalence of colistin resistant E. coli and to detect the mcr-1 colistin resistance gene in E. coli, and E. coli O157:H7 in the entire supply chain of broilers in Bogor Regency, West Java Province, Indonesia. Samples were taken from flocks that use colistin sulfate (cloacal swabs, drinking water, and litters), small-scale poultry slaughterhouses (fresh meats and plucker swabs), traditional markets (fresh meats), and small restaurants (cooked meats). Isolation of E. coli was done on each sample and 493 isolates were obtained. All E. coli isolates were then tested for their susceptibility to colistin sulfate by the agar dilution method. Detection of mcr-1 gene from colistin resistant isolates (minimum inhibitory concentration > 2 µg/mL) was conducted using polymerase chain reaction. The prevalence of colistin resistant E. coli from all isolates was 11.76% (CI 95%; CL 9.21–14.91%), and the prevalence of mcr-1 gene was 10.55% (CI 95%; CL 8.13–13.57%). There was a very good agreement between colistin resistance phenotype and mcr-1 gene (ĸ = 0.939). The mcr-1 gene was found in 89.66% colistin resistant E. coli isolates. Two colistin resistance and mcr-1 carrying gene isolates were identified as E. coli O157:H7 serotype. This study was the first research on mcr-1 gene in Indonesia which covers the entire supply chain of broiler meat from farms to consumers. These results showed the necessity to emphasize a reduced use of colistin sulfate in broiler management and to improve biosecurity measure, not only in farms but also in the entire supply chain of broiler meat

Deteksi Antibodi terhadap Mycoplasma gallisepticum pada Serum Ayam dengan Pengujian Serologi Rapid Serum Agglutination (RSA), Kit ELISA Komersil dan inhouseELISA

Mycoplasma gallisepticum (MG) adalah bakteri penyebab penyakit pernapasan kronis pada ayam yang sering disebut sebagai chronic respiratory disease (CRD) dan infectious sinusitis pada kalkun. Kerugian akibat infeksi MG pada industri perunggasan di dunia mencapai lebih dari US $ 780 juta setiap tahun. Deteksi dini dan monitoring secara berkelanjutan sangat dibutuhkan dari hulu yakni hatchery sampai ke hilir di peternakan komersil. Di Indonesia kasus CRD maupun CRD kompleks sampai saat ini masih menjadi permasalahan di peternakan-peternakan ayam. Keberadaan MG dapat dideteksi dengan cara isolasi organisme atau deteksi DNA dari jaringan yang terinfeksi atau sampel swab atau dengan menggunakan pengujian serologi untuk diagnosis penyakit ini. Jenis pengujian serologi yang sudah umum dilakukan adalah dengan Rapid Serum Agglutination (RSA), Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay (ELISA) dan Haemagglutination Inhibition (HI). Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui status antibodi ayam dari beragam kondisi di lapangan dengan uji RSA, ELISA komersil dan inhouseELISA (iELISA). Pengujian serologi dengan menggunakan 3 jenis pengujian memberikan hasil yang berbeda dalam mendeteksi antibodi terhadap MG pada sampel serum ayam dengan status yang bervariasi. Kit ELISA komersil lebih sensitif dalam mendeteksi antibodi terhadap MG, sehingga pengujian ini memberikan hasil positif paling banyak

The Interaction of NDF Level and Fiber Particle Size on Productivity and Fiber Digestion in Rabbit during the Fattening Period

This research was conducted to determine the interaction of NDF level and fiber particle size on the performance of production, digestibility of dry matter, crude fiber and fiber fraction, digestive tract, microbial profiles, volatile fatty acids (VFA), and total organic acid of rabbits during the fattening period. The experiment utilized 144 New Zealand white (NZW) crossbred rabbits aged 28 days. The experimental design was a completely randomized 3 x 3 factorial pattern, with 3 levels of neutral detergent fiber (NDF) (F1= 33.60%, F2= 36.10%, and F3= 41.43%) and 3 sizes of fiber particles (P1= 1 mm, P2= 2 mm, and P3= 3 mm). Each treatment had 4 replications, and each replication had 4 animals. The combination treatment showed changes in feed intake with an average of 5.25 kg/head. The F2 treatment showed the best results in body weight gain (BWG) and feed conversion ratio (FCR) with an average of 1.80 kg/head and 3.09, respectively. The F1 level showed the highest average of pathogenic bacteria (E. coli) population at 3.37 x 109 cfu/mL which inversely proportional to the average level of butyric acid percentage and total organic acids which were 12.92% and 386.23 mmol/L in rabbits during the post-weaning period. The conclusion of this study was that the inclusion of NDF and a balanced size of fiber feed in feed could lead to optimization of the fiber digestibility, digestive tract, total organic acid production, and butyric acid concentration which could suppress the growth of E. coli and improve the performance of rabbits during the fattening period