The Price of Freedom: Slavery and Manumission in Baltimore and Early National Maryland

A stereotypical image of manumission is that of a benign plantation owner freeing his slaves on his deathbed. But as Stephen Whitman demonstrates, the truth was far more complex, especially in border states where manumission was much more common. Whitman analyzes the economic and social history of Baltimore to show how the vigorous growth of the city required the exploitation of rural slaves. To prevent them from escaping and to spur higher production, owners entered into arrangements with their slaves, promising eventual freedom in return for many years\u27 hard work. The Price of Freedom reveals how blacks played a critical role in freeing themselves from slavery. Yet it was an imperfect victory. Once Baltimore\u27s economic growth began to slow, freed blacks were virtually excluded from craft apprenticeships, and European immigrants supplanted them as a trained labor force.https://uknowledge.uky.edu/upk_african_american_studies/1018/thumbnail.jp

Ray Next Event Estimator Transport of Primary and Secondary Gamma Rays

This thesis investigated the application of the ray next event estimation Monte Carlo method to the transport of primary and secondary gamma rays. The problem of interest was estimation of the free field flux at a distant point in a vacuum from a point source in the atmosphere. An existing Fortran code for neutron transport, Ray Next-Event Estimator v4.0, was adapted to perform photon transport computations including coherent scattering, incoherent scattering, photoelectric absorption, and pair production interactions. Production and transport of secondary gamma rays produced in bremsstrahlung, neutron inelastic scatter, and neutron absorption interactions was also implemented. A new version of the code, Ray Next-Event Estimator v5.1, was produced with the added photon transport capability and other changes focused on future development of the estimator code for application to this class of problems. Code version 5.1 was exercised and compared to version 4.0 for neutron transport computations. Code version 5.1 was also demonstrated for application to gamma ray transport computations and coupled neutron-photon transport computations

Special Features of the Air-to-Space Neutron Transport Problem

Special features of the air-to-space neutron transport problem are identified, characterized, and quantified to provide information on features that should be included in Monte Carlo simulations to obtain accurate predictions. Currently available codes and tools for Monte Carlo neutron transport calculations do not provide an adequate (in accuracy nor precision nor efficiency) framework for practical transport calculations in the context of the air-to-space neutron transport problem. A new Fortran code, High Altitude Transport to Space for Neutrons (HATS-n), is developed and tested to perform high fidelity Monte Carlo neutron transport calculations for this class of problems. Special features of the air-to-space neutron transport are identified and categorized: The influence of relative motions, the influence of gravity, the influence of the implementation of the atmosphere model, and the influence of radioactive decay of free neutrons. Each special feature is examined individually and methods and procedures are developed for research and practical implementations. Finally, the features are demonstrated in concert using the new HATS-n code

A technique to infer atmospheric water-vapor mixing ratio from measured horizon radiance profiles

Computer program used to infer atmospheric water-vapor mixing ratio from measured horizon radiance profile

The new HiVIS spectropolarimeter and spectropolarimetric calibration of the AEOS telescope

We designed, built, and calibrated a new spectropolarimeter for the HiVIS spectrograph (R 12000-49000) on the AEOS telescope. We also did a polarization calibration of the telescope and instrument. We will introduce the design and use of the spectropolarimeter as well as a new data reduction package we have developed, then discuss the polarization calibration of the spectropolarimeter and the AEOS telescope. We used observations of unpolarized standard stars at many pointings to measure the telescope induced polarization and compare it with a Zemax model. The telescope induces polarization of 1-6% with a strong variation with wavelength and pointing, consistent with the altitude and azimuth variation expected. We then used scattered sunlight as a linearly polarized source to measure the telescopes spectropolarimetric response to linearly polarized light. We then made an all-sky map of the telescope's polarization response to calibrate future spectropolarimetry.Comment: PASP 118, June 200

Axisymmetric Stationary Solutions as Harmonic Maps

We present a method for generating exact solutions of Einstein equations in vacuum using harmonic maps, when the spacetime possesses two commutating Killing vectors. This method consists in writing the axisymmetric stationry Einstein equations in vacuum as a harmonic map which belongs to the group SL(2,R), and decomposing it in its harmonic "submaps". This method provides a natural classification of the solutions in classes (Weil's class, Lewis' class etc).Comment: 17 TeX pages, one table,( CINVESTAV- preprint 12/93

Organisational resilience following the Darfield earthquake of 2010

This paper presents the preliminary findings of a study on the resilience and recovery of organisations following the Darfield earthquake in New Zealand on 4 September 2010. Sampling included organisations proximal and distal to the fault trace, organisations located within central business districts, and organisations from seven diverse industry sectors. The research captured information on the challenges to, the impacts on, and the reflections of the organisations in the first months of recovery. Organisations in central business districts and in the hospitality sector were most likely to close while organisations that had perishable stock and livestock were more heavily reliant on critical services. Staff well-being, cash flow, and customer loss were major concerns for organisations across all sectors. For all organisations, the most helpful factors in mitigating the effects of the earthquake to be their relationship with staff, the design and type of buildings, and critical service continuity or swift reinstatement of services

Livestock Manure Windrow Composting Runoff And Infiltration Characteristics from Laboratory Rainfall Simulations

Windrow-composted livestock manure has been shown to be less hazardous to the environment compared to manure directly applied to cropland and other agricultural areas. Although offsite contaminant losses through runoff and leaching can occur during the composting process, these losses are suspected to increase under different compost moisture conditions and as composted materials mature. This research quantified the effects of windrow-composted livestock manure and straw bedding components on runoff and infiltration characteristics from laboratory rainfall simulations. Compost samples collected on three dates at approximately the beginning (day 0), middle (day 30), and end (day 60) of a June-July 2004 field research windrow composting period were used for this rainfall simulation study. Replicated compost windrow-shaped cross-section samples were constructed in a specially-designed Plexiglas container apparatus for viewing and recording infiltrated leachate wetting front position boundary movement from simulated rainfall events. Runoff and leachate samples were collected and analyzed for drainage volumes and concentrations and total mass losses of sediment, nitrate-nitrogen (NO3-N), and ortho-phosphorus (PO4-P) during and following rainfall simulation trials. Leachate wetting front position boundary movement was significantly lower for day 60 compost samples compared among day 0 and day 30 compost sample material. Drainage volume analysis results indicated significantly higher average runoff versus leachate volumes within all compost sampling dates, and runoff volumes were significantly higher among day 30 and day 60 compost samples compared to runoff volumes from day 0 compost samples. Average sediment, NO3-N, and PO4-P concentrations were significantly higher in leachate versus runoff within all compost sampling dates. Conversely, the total mass losses of these contaminants were significantly higher in runoff compared to leachate within all compost sampling dates. Results of this study suggest that biological and mechanical functions of the composting process reduced compost sample aggregates and increased compost bulk density. We hypothesize that these changes in compost material structure and porosity volume decreased infiltration and increased runoff sediment, NO3-N, and PO4-P losses during the second and final compost sampling stages of a field windrow composting period

Alignment Test Results of the JWST Pathfinder Telescope Mirrors in the Cryogenic Environment

After integration of the Optical Telescope Element (OTE) to the Integrated Science Instrument Module (ISIM) to become the OTIS, the James Webb Space Telescope OTIS is tested at NASAs Johnson Space Center (JSC) in the cryogenic vacuum Chamber A for alignment and optical performance. The alignment of the mirrors comprises a sequence of steps as follows: The mirrors are coarsely aligned using photogrammetry cameras with reflective targets attached to the sides of the mirrors. Then a multi-wavelength interferometer is aligned to the 18-segment primary mirror using cameras at the center of curvature to align reflected light from the segments and using fiducials at the edge of the primary mirror. Once the interferometer is aligned, the 18 primary mirror segments are then adjusted to optimize wavefront error of the aggregate mirror. This process phases the piston and tilt positions of all the mirror segments. An optical fiber placed at the Cassegrain focus of the telescope then emits light towards the secondary mirror to create a collimated beam emitting from the primary mirror. Portions of the collimated beam are retro-reflected from flat mirrors at the top of the chamber to pass through the telescope to the SI detector. The image on the detector is used for fine alignment of the secondary mirror and a check of the primary mirror alignment using many of the same analysis techniques used in the on-orbit alignment. The entire process was practiced and evaluated in 2015 at cryogenic temperature with the Pathfinder telescope