Why did income growth vary across states during the Great Depression?

State per capita incomes became more disperse during the contraction phase of the Great Depression, and less disperse during the recovery phase. We investigate the effects of spatial dependence, industrial composition, bank failures and fiscal policies on state income growth during each phase. We find that industrial composition and spatial interdependencies contributed to negative state income growth during the contraction, whereas New Deal spending contributed to positive state income growth during the recovery phase. We find no evidence that differences in bank failure rates or state government expenditures contributed to variation in state income growth rates.Depressions

A spatial analysis of state banking regulation

We use a spatial model to investigate a state’s choice of branch banking and interstate banking regimes as a function of the regime choices made by other states and other variables suggested in the literature. We extend the basic spatial econometric model by allowing spatial dependence to vary by geographic region. Our findings reveal that spatial effects have a large, statistically significant impact on state regulatory regime decisions. The importance of spatial correlation in the setting of state banking policies suggests the need to consider spatial effects in empirical models of state policies in general.Banks and banking ; Bank supervision

Regional disparities in the spatial correlation of state income growth

This paper presents new evidence of spatial correlation in U.S. state income growth. We extend the basic spatial econometric model used in the growth literature by allowing spatial correlation in state income growth to vary across geographic regions. We find positive spatial correlation in income growth rates across neighboring states, but that the strength of this spatial correlation varies considerably by region. Spatial correlation in income growth is highest for states located in the Northeast and the South. Our findings have policy implications both at the state and national level, and also suggest that growth models may benefit from incorporating more complex forms of spatial correlation.Regional economics ; Income distribution

Preparations of rare earth-iron alloys by thermite reduction

An improved method for the preparation of high-purity rare earth-iron alloys by the aluminothermic reduction of a mixture of rare earth and iron fluorides

Improving the health of diabetic patients through resident-initiated group visits

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: Group visits have the potential to benefit patients with chronic illnesses. Our objective was to implement resident-run diabetic group visits that would improve patient education and help patients become more involved in their care. METHODS: We developed systems to promote, coordinate, and lead the visits. Residents\u27 responsibilities were delegated through a preparation checklist. A standardized progress note was developed to encourage patient goal setting and to track relevant laboratory test results. To evaluate our program, we conducted surveys to determine patients\u27 behavioral changes and satisfaction levels and assessed the effect on group visit participants\u27 glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c) and low-density lipoprotein (LDL) levels. RESULTS: Group visit patient survey results showed that 72% of the patients in the group visit cohort reported making a lifestyle change; 88% felt that the group visit helped them achieve better control of their diabetes, and 100% stated that they would come to a group visit again. However, no significant changes were noted in HbA1c or LDL levels. CONCLUSIONS: Residents can overcome challenges and implement, organize, and run effective group visits that increase patients\u27 self-reported self-management abilities, but we could demonstrate no statistically significant improvement on measurable biochemical parameters of glucose or lipid control

Studies of uncontrolled air traffic patterns, phase 1

The general aviation air traffic flow patterns at uncontrolled airports are investigated and analyzed and traffic pattern concepts are developed to minimize the midair collision hazard in uncontrolled airspace. An analytical approach to evaluate midair collision hazard probability as a function of traffic densities is established which is basically independent of path structure. Two methods of generating space-time interrelationships between terminal area aircraft are presented; one is a deterministic model to generate pseudorandom aircraft tracks, the other is a statistical model in preliminary form. Some hazard measures are presented for selected traffic densities. It is concluded that the probability of encountering a hazard should be minimized independently of any other considerations and that the number of encounters involving visible-avoidable aircraft should be maximized at the expense of encounters in other categories

Method for treating rare earth-transition metal scrap

Rare earth-transition metal (e.g., iron) scrap (e.g., Nd-Fe-B scrap) is flux (slag) remelted to reduce tramp non-metallic impurities, such as oxygen and nitrogen, and metallic impurities, such as Li, Na, Al, etc., picked up by the scrap from previous fabrication operations. The tramp impurities are reduced to concentrations acceptable for reuse of the treated alloy in the manufacture of end-use articles, such as permanent magnets. The scrap is electroslag or inductoslag melted using a prefused, rare earth fluoride-bearing flux of CaF.sub.2, CaCl.sub.2 or mixtures thereof or the slag resulting from practice of the thermite reduction process to make a rare earth-iron alloy

Constraints on the Low-Energy Cutoff in the Electron Distribution of the PKS 0637-752 Jet

We re-analyze the Chandra ACIS spectrum of the kpc-scale jet in PKS 0637-752 to investigate the possible low energy cutoff in the relativistic electron spectrum producing the non-thermal radiation in the scenario of inverse Compton emission off the cosmic microwave background. This was among the first objects targeted by the Chandra Observatory and gives a unique opportunity to study the low energy X-ray emission free of detector contamination. As previously reported in the literature, the spectrum can be fit by a power law, with the slope predicted by the radio spectrum, modified by low energy absorption through the Galaxy as determined from the spectrum of the quasar core and by HI 21 cm observations. We obtain a marginally better fit with an model of inverse Compton emission produced by an electron population that exhibits a cutoff at (gamma_min delta_10) between about 50 and 80 (assuming Gamma = delta). This range for gamma_min is higher than has previously been assumed in broad-band spectral fits to the jet emission. The observed optical flux can be used to place a lower limit on gamma_min; the constraint is not very strong, but does suggest that gamma_min must be higher than 1 to avoid overproducing the optical emission. We investigate the effect of uncertainties in the column density for galactic absorption as well as the calibration of Chandra for these early observations. Finally, we discuss the implication of these limits on the jet luminosity in this source.Comment: 23 pages, 4 figures, accepted for publication in Ap