An analysis of the effectiveness of mains water reduction strategies in a medium density residential development in metropolitan Perth

This thesis reviews and quantifies the implementation of mains water reduction strategies in a medium density residential development in a city with a drying climate. WGV by DevelopmentWA (WGV) is a 2.2-hectare infill development in the Fremantle suburb White Gum Valley, Perth, Australia. WGV incorporates a number of mains water reduction strategies including water efficiencies, conservation and alternative sources. This thesis investigates the implementation of these mains water reduction strategies, providing understanding on the impact of the strategies for residents living in the development. Over 60 smart meters were installed at the site to record data on mains, bore and rain water consumption for three dwelling typologies including: - Detached dwellings: Assumed occupancy of 2.8 people per dwelling with an average of 105m2 per person with no common walls between dwellings. - Attached dwellings: Assumed occupancy of 2.8 people per dwelling with an average area of 45m2 per person with common walls between dwellings. - Multi-residential (Apartment) dwellings: Assumed occupancy of 1.8 people per dwelling with an average area of 55m2 per person. The results demonstrated that residents living in WGV reduce their total water consumption by 48% whilst reducing their mains water consumption by approximately 64% in comparison to the typical Perth home. This is an 8% difference to the preliminary modelling completed by Josh Byrne & Associates (JBA) which predicted a mains water savings of 72%. Attached dwelling residents were the lowest mains water consumers, using 20kL/person of mains water per year (81% reduction on Perth average) whilst Apartment residents consume 32kL per year (70% reduction) and Detached residents consume 52kL per year (51% reduction). The thesis also found that the community bore system had been implemented successfully. Direct on-site infiltration was determined to be greater than the groundwater abstraction rate, leading to the conclusion that the community bore at WGV is sustainably managed. Future policy implications following this study should include industry and governmental agencies investigating the implementation of small-scale decentralised alternative water sources and the water efficiencies and conservation strategies presented in this thesis. A number of further studies are recommended including a detailed analysis of the Design Guidelines provided to residents by Development WA to further understand the large variation in water consumption levels of resident living within the WGV precinct. This study would include household audits and surveys with residents to provide a breakdown of the effectiveness of each water reduction initiative implemented to better understand the influence of the Design Guidelines. Overall, WGV has been successful at reducing its mains water consumption by 64% which is within 10% of the predicted savings in the preliminary modelling completed by JBA

The role of South Africa in global structural policy

"In the immediate post-Apartheid period many commentators gave the country, and the newly elected African National Congress (ANC) government, short shrift. Whilst there was a predominant air of hope an underlying 'Afro-pessimism' was prevalent. Now, after more than 10 years of sustained - albeit fairly sedentary - economic expansion and a recent acceleration in the growth trajectory opinions are being revised. This re-evaluation is naturally supported by the government. But significant domestic problems remain. These problems play out in South Africa's approach to global economic and political relations, and underpin the analysis in this report. How might these dynamics play out in specific 'global structural domains' in the future? This report is structured as follows: Part two considers South Africa in the global and African contexts. It begins by reviewing South Africa's integration into and prospects in the global economy. Then it considers the domestic socio-economic dynamics within which economic and social policy is formulated and charts the broad contours of economic policy since 1994. It then considers South Africa's environmental challenges and policy responses as a distinct set of challenges. It ends with a brief assessment of the country's domestic political institutions in light of the policy challenges outlined in the previous sections. Part three considers the South African government's views on and stances towards key global governance issues. It begins with a substantive overview of the country's evolving foreign policy in general, then considers a number of different issues in the global governance terrain. It then focuses specifically on global trade governance via the World Trade Organization, and situates this within a discussion of South Africa's broader trade strategy encompassing regional dynamics and bilateral negotiations. Part four briefly outlines the contours of German-South African relations and highlights some challenges in the relationship moving forward. Part five identifies key risk factors facing the South African government and, via a simple scenario exercise indicates possible avenues for deployment of German development assistance in order to assist the South African government to address those challenges." (excerpt

Vehicle Systems Panel deliberations

The Vehicle Systems Panel addressed materials and structures technology issues related to launch and space vehicle systems not directly associated with the propulsion or entry systems. The Vehicle Systems Panel was comprised of two subpanels - Expendable Launch Vehicles & Cryotanks (ELVC) and Reusable Vehicles (RV). Tom Bales, LaRC, and Tom Modlin, JSC, chaired the expendable and reusable vehicles subpanels, respectively, and co-chaired the Vehicle Systems Panel. The following four papers are discussed in this section: (1) Net Section components for Weldalite Cryogenic Tanks, by Don Bolstad; (2) Build-up Structures for Cryogenic Tanks and Dry Bay Structural Applications, by Barry Lisagor; (3) Composite Materials Program, by Robert Van Siclen; (4) Shuttle Technology (and M&S Lessons Learned), by Stan Greenberg

The single flagellum of Leishmania has a fixed polarisation of its asymmetric beat

Eukaryotic flagella undertake different beat types as necessary for different functions; for example, the Leishmania parasite flagellum undergoes a symmetric tip-to-base beat for forward swimming and an asymmetric base-to-tip beat to rotate the cell. In multi-ciliated tissues or organisms, the asymmetric beats are coordinated, leading to movement of the cell, organism or surrounding fluid. This coordination involves a polarisation of power stroke direction. Here, we asked whether the asymmetric beat of the single Leishmania flagellum also has a fixed polarisation. We developed high frame rate dual-colour fluorescence microscopy to visualise flagellar-associated structures in live swimming cells. This showed that the asymmetric Leishmania beat is polarised, with power strokes only occurring in one direction relative to the asymmetric flagellar machinery. Polarisation of bending was retained in deletion mutants whose flagella cannot beat but have a static bend. Furthermore, deletion mutants for proteins required for asymmetric extra-axonemal and rootlet-like flagellum-associated structures also retained normal polarisation. Leishmania beat polarisation therefore likely arises from either the nine-fold rotational symmetry of the axoneme structure or is due to differences between the outer doublet decorations

Thermal design of linear induction and synchronous motor for electromagnetic launch of civil aircraft

The engine size of modern passenger transport aircraft is principally determined by take-off conditions, since initial acceleration requires maximum engine power. An elec¬tromagnetic launch (EML) system could provide some or all of the energy required at takeoff so that the aircraft engine power requirement and fuel consumption may be significantly reduced. So far, EML for aircraft has been adopted only for military applications to replace steam catapults on the deck of aircraft carriers. This paper will describe the potential application of EML to propel civil aircraft on the runways of modern air¬ports. A comparison of synchronous and asynchronous electrical motor systems designed to launch an A320-200 sized aircraft is presented. The paper also describes a solution of the transient heat transfer problem applied to the conductive components of EML systems

Design study and scaled experiment of induction and synchronous motor for civil application of electromagnetic aircraft launch system

The engine size of modern passenger transport aircraft is principally determined by take-off conditions, since initial acceleration requires maximum engine power. An Electromagnetic Launch (EML) system could provide some or all of the energy required at the launch stage so that the aircraft engine power requirement and fuel consumption may be significantly reduced. So far, EML for aircraft has been adopted only for military applications to replace steam catapults on the deck of aircraft carriers. This paper will describe the application of EML to propel civil aircraft on the runways of modern airports. A comparison of synchronous and asynchronous electrical motor systems designed to launch an A320-200 will be presented. The paper will present the solution of the transient heat transfer problem of EML systems and the respective design limitations of a civil aircraft launcher under rated current density. The experimental setup that will serve for future validation is introduced

Electromagnetic launch systems for civil aircraft assisted take-off

This paper considers the feasibility of different technologies for an electromagnetic launcher to assist civil aircraft take-off. This method is investigated to reduce the power required from the engines during initial acceleration. Assisted launch has the potential of reducing the required runway length, reducing noise near airports and improving overall aircraft efficiency through reducing engine thrust requirements. The research compares two possible linear motor topologies which may be efficaciously used for this application. The comparison is made on results from both analytical and finite element analysis (FEA)