Rocket-UV Spectrometer

This is a report of the second three months (March-May 1961) of a program to design and fabricate an ultraviolet spectrometer and fine guidance control for use in an Aerobee-Hi rocket. The work is being done under Subcontract No. 1 under Contract NASr-3 between Princeton University and the National Aeronautical and Space Administration. The design goals for this instrument are described in the report for the first three month period (Perkin-Elmer Engineering Report No. 5906). The accomplishments of the second three month period include the solution of certain design problems, the establishment of an effective liaison system with personnel at Goddard Space Flight Center, and the completion of certain design and fabrication tasks

RMD (Resource Management in Diffserv) QoS-NSLP model

This draft describes a local QoS model, denoted as Resource Management in Diffserv (RMD) QoS model, for NSIS that extends the IETF Differentiated Services (Diffserv) architecture with a scalable admission control and resource reservation concept. The specification of this QoS model includes a description of its QoS parameter information, as well as how that information should be treated or interpreted in the network

LC-PCN: The Load Control PCN Solution

There is an increased interest of simple and scalable resource provisioning solution for Diffserv network. The Load Control PCN (LC-PCN) addresses the following issues:\ud o Admission Control for real time data flows in stateless Diffserv Domains\ud o Flow Termination: Termination of flows in case of exceptional events, such as severe congestion after re-routing.\ud Admission control in a Diffserv stateless domain is a combination of:\ud o Probing, whereby a probe packet is sent along the forwarding path in a network to determine whether a flow can be admitted based upon the current congestion state of the network\ud o Admission Control based on data marking, whereby in congestion situations the data packets are marked to notify the PCN-egress-node that a congestion occurred on a particular PCN-ingress-node to PCN-egress-node path.\ud \ud The scheme provides the capability of controlling the traffic load in the network without requiring signaling or any per-flow processing in the PCN-interior-nodes. The complexity of Load Control is kept to a minimum to make implementation simple.\u

DiffServ resource management in IP-based radio access networks

The increasing popularity of the Internet, the flexibility of IP, and the wide deployment of IP technologies, as well as the growth of mobile communications have driven the development of IP-based solutions for wireless networking. The introduction of IP-based transport in Radio Access Networks (RANs) is one of these networking solutions. When compared to traditional IP networks, an IP-based RAN has specific characteristics, due to which, for satisfactory transport functionality, it imposes strict requirements on resource management schemes. In this paper we present the Resource Management in DiffServ (RMD) framework, which extends the DiffServ architecture with new admission control and resource reservation concepts, such that the resource management requirements of an IP-based RAN are met. This framework aims at simplicity, low-cost, and easy implementation, along with good scaling properties. The RMD framework defines two architectural concepts: the Per Hop Reservation (PHR) and the Per Domain Reservation (PDR). As part of the RMD framework a new protocol, the RMD On DemAnd (RODA) Per Hop Reservation (PHR) protocol will be introduced. A key characteristic of the RODA PHR is that it maintains only a single reservation state per PHB in the interior routers of a DiffServ domain, regardless of the number of flows passing through

Between the Market and State: Middle Class Clientelism in Central and Eastern Europe

In Central and Eastern Europe, wealth is on the rise, but democracy is in decline. Populist parties assail the foundations of constitutional rule of law and enhance their networks of patronage and clientelism to gain greater support with the electorate. Yet, it is little understood as to why citizens vote for illiberal parties in the region. This paper seeks to address this ongoing phenomenon by exploring voter support for clientelistic behavior by the middle classes of Russia, Poland, and Estonia. I develop and test a theory of “middle class clientelism” which seeks to explain under what conditions more wealthier voters become a cost-effective target for vote buying, patronage, and particularistic goods. The literature on clientelism has been fairly consistent in explaining that middle class voters are too cost prohibitive for parties and elites to clientelize because they have better access to personal wealth and employment opportunities. However, I determine two critical variables that can account for this occurrence. These are the levels of state management of the economy and vulnerabilities within the middle class that has been induced by years of financial crisis in Central and Eastern Europe. This type of clientelism is damaging for democratic outcomes because it allows parties to participate in state capture and fuse themselves into the state without responsive democratic pressure in response from the middle

What were the main features of nineteenth century school acts?:Local school organization, basic schooling, a diversity of revenues and the institutional framework of an educational revolution

This article explores the main features of the provision, organization and funding of nineteenth century European school acts. It indicates that these school acts promoted schooling that was basic, rather than compulsory, and provided a framework for schools funded by a diversity of revenues, and three types of local organization either based on the church, municipalities or several organizations. As a result, this article complements the analysis of determinants of rise of mass schooling, and the debate on decentralization, with an overview of European school acts and a theoretical challenge to further address the varying institutional framework of nineteenth-century schooling

Neither compulsory nor public or national? Translating the Swedish terminology of 19th-century primary schools, teachers, and pupils

The 19th century saw the rise of mass schooling. School acts were published, increasing number of teachers were trained and hired, and children increasingly attended schools. This development was strongest in Europe and North America, with schooling in the USA, France and Prussia leading the way. While this development with its national and regional variations continues to puzzle researchers, it also creates challenges of communication and presentation. What English language terminology should be used when denoting schools, teachers, and pupils in non-Anglo-Saxon countries? In this article, I address a part of this question by examining the case of Swedish 19th-century primary schools. By relating these schools to those in other countries, and the terminology used in the research literature, this article provides recommendations for English-language terms to be used when denoting these schools, the teachers who taught them, and the children who attended them. This terminology includes primary school, parish school and mass schooling, and the terms used to denote teachers and their training include junior schoolteacher, primary school teacher and term teacher training schools. As a result, this article problematizes the use of terms such as compulsory, public, state, and national when describing schools in 19th-century contexts such as that of Sweden, indicates the varying meanings of terms such as popular education, and highlights the problems of not translating terms such as folkskola