Participação no grupo cooperativo do movimento da escola moderna: contributos para o desenvolvimento profissional docente

Dissertação apresentada à Escola Superior de Educação de Lisboa para obtenção do grau de Mestre em Ciências da Educação, especialidade Supervisão em EducaçãoO trabalho cooperativo entre os professores tem merecido destaque nos últimos anos, relacionando-se com ajuda mútua (Carneiro, Geller & Nitzke, 2008), onde todos trabalham com o intuito de alcançar objetivos pré definidos entre si (Dillenbourg, 1999) e de obter competências profissionais. Muito embora as práticas de trabalho individual ainda sejam uma tentação para os professores na atualidade há uma maior tendência para trabalharem colaborativamente nas escolas ou em grupos de formação organizados pelas associações de professores. Neste contexto, o estudo que apresentamos tem como finalidade compreender os processos de autoformação cooperada no contexto dos grupos cooperativos do Movimento da Escola Moderna (MEM) e o seu impacto no desenvolvimento profissional docente. Tendo em conta o objeto de estudo, identificaram-se as seguintes questões: i) Que motivações levam os professores a integrar os grupos cooperativos do MEM? ii) Como se organiza e desenvolve a autoformação cooperada nos grupos cooperativos do MEM? iii) Quais os aspetos positivos e constrangimentos identificados pelos professores no trabalho desenvolvido nos grupos cooperativos? iv) Quais as razões que levam os professores a permanecer e a abandonar a sua participação nos grupos cooperativos do MEM? v) Qual o impacto das experiências realizadas no contexto dos grupos cooperativos no desenvolvimento profissional docente? Para o efeito, contámos com a participação de seis professores pertencentes a um grupo cooperativo do MEM. Tendo como referência o objeto de estudo recorremos a uma metodologia de natureza qualitativa e privilegiámos como técnica de recolha de dados a entrevista semiestruturada. Para o tratamento dos dados sustentámo-nos na análise de conteúdo seguindo os passos recomendados para a análise de conteúdo por Bardin (2009). Os resultados do estudo permitiram constatar que o trabalho realizado no seio do grupo cooperativo promove o desenvolvimento profissional docente dado que fomenta a competência reflexiva sobre a prática pedagógica, bem como o desenvolvimento de outras competências da praxis, nomeadamente, a identificação de estratégias mais adequadas à resolução de problemas emergentes do quotidiano profissional do professor.Abstract The cooperative work between teachers has been receiving more attention over the last years, in relation with the mutual assistance (Carneiro, Geller & Nitzke, 2008), where everybody works with an aim to achieve predefined goals, which were created in relation to one another (Dillenbourg, 1999) and to obtain professional skills. Although individual work practices are still tempting to teachers, there is currently a greater trend to work as a group in schools or in training groups organized by teachers’ associations. In this context, this study aims to understand the cooperative self-training processes within the context of MEM’s cooperative groups and their impact in the professional teacher development. Considering the subject of study, the following questions were identified: i) What motivations lead the teachers to integrate MEM’s cooperative groups? ii) How is the cooperative self-training organized and how is it developed within in MEM’s cooperative groups? iii) What are the positive aspects and constraints identified by the teachers within the work developed in the cooperative groups? iv) What are the reasons that lead the teachers to stay or abandon its participation in MEM’s cooperative groups? v) What is the impact of experiences carried in the context of cooperative groups in the professional teacher development? For this purpose, we had the participation of six teachers belonging to one of MEM’s cooperative groups. Keeping the subject of study as a reference, we use a qualitative methodology and gave preference to the semi structured interview as the data collection technique. We based the data processing in the content analysis, following the recommended steps for content analysis by Bardin (2009). The study’s results allowed determining that the executed work promotes the teachers professional development, given that it increases the reflexive competence about the pedagogic practice, as well as the development of other competences of praxis, namely, the identification of the most adequate strategies for the resolution of emerging issues in the teacher’s professional everyday life.N/

Preparation of χ\u3csup\u3e(2)\u3c/sup\u3e-inverted waveguides with poled polymers for efficient second-harmonic generation

Modal dispersion phase-matched second harmonic generation is demonstrated in polymer-based waveguides with a nonlinear optical core consisting of two side-chain polymers with different glass-transition temperatures. For an optimized overlap integral, a step like nonlinearity profile (chi (2)-inverted structure) is required across the core thickness. The chi(2)-inverted structure is achieved by two consecutive thermally assisted poling steps above and between the respective glass-transition temperatures, with an opposite poling field in the second poling step. The achieved chi(2)-inverted structure is monitored by in- situ electro-optic measurements and proved by electro-optic and second harmonic generation thermal analysis. Conversion efficiencies up to 7%/Wcm2 were achieved in first waveguide second-harmonic generation experiments. ©2005 Copyright SPIE - The International Society for Optical Engineering

Three-layer piezoelectrets from fluorinated ethylene-propylene (FEP) copolymer films

A process for preparing three-layer piezoelectrets from fluorinated ethylene-propylene (FEP) copolymer films is introduced. Samples are made from commercial FEP films by means of laser cutting, laser bonding, electrode evaporation, and high-field poling. The observed dielectric-resonance spectra demonstrate the piezoelectricity of the FEP sandwiches. Piezoelectric d (33) coefficients up to a few hundred pC/N are achieved. Charging at elevated temperatures can increase the thermal stability of the piezoelectrets. Isothermal experiments for approximately 15 min demonstrate that samples charged at 140A degrees C keep their piezoelectric activity up to at least 120A degrees C and retain 70% of their initial d (33) even at 130A degrees C. Acoustical measurements show a relatively flat frequency response in the range between 300 Hz and 20 kHz.CAPES (Brazil)DAAD (Germany)[D/08/11608]DFG[WA 2688/1-1]E

Ferroelectrets: Heterogenous polymer electrets with high piezoelectric sensitivity for transducers

Nowadays, the demand for advanced functional materials in transducer technology is growing rapidly. Piezoelectric materials transform mechanical variables (displacement or force) into electrical signals (charge or voltage) and vice versa. They are interesting from both fundamental and application points of view. Ferrooelectrets (also called piezoelectrets) are a relatively young group of piezo-, pyro- and ferroelectric materials. They exhibit ferroic behavior phenomenologically undistinguishable from that of traditional ferroelectrics, although the materials per se are essentially non-polar space-charge electrets with artificial macroscopic dipoles (i.e., internally charged cavities). A lot of work has been done on ferroelectrets and their applications up to now. In this paper, we review and discuss mostly the work done at University of Potsdam on the research and development of ferroelectrets. We will, however, also mention important results from other teams, and prospect the challenges and future progress trend of the field of ferroelectret research

Template-based fluoroethylenepropylene piezoelectrets with tubular channels for transducer applications

We describe the concept, the fabrication, and the most relevant properties of a piezoelectric-polymer system: Two fluoroethylenepropylene (FEP) films with good electret properties are laminated around a specifically designed and prepared polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) template at 300 degrees C. After removing the PTFE template, a two-layer FEP film with open tubular channels is obtained. For electric charging, the two-layer FEP system is subjected to a high electric field. The resulting dielectric barrier discharges inside the tubular channels yield a ferroelectret with high piezoelectricity. d(33) coefficients of up to 160 pC/N have already been achieved on the ferroelectret films. After charging at suitable elevated temperatures, the piezoelectricity is stable at temperatures of at least 130 degrees C. Advantages of the transducer films include ease of fabrication at laboratory or industrial scales, a wide range of possible geometrical and processing parameters, straightforward control of the uniformity of the polymer system, flexibility, and versatility of the soft ferroelectrets, and a large potential for device applications e.g., in the areas of biomedicine, communications, production engineering, sensor systems, environmental monitoring, etc.Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Cientifico e Tecnologico (CNPq), Brazil(DAAD) Deutscher Akademischer Austausch Dienst, GermanyUniversity of Potsdam, GermanyDeutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (DFG)[QI 65/1-1

Amine-Rich Organic Thin Films for Cell Culture: Possible Electrostatic Effects in Cell-Surface Interactions

In recent communications from these laboratories, we observed that amine-rich thin organic layers are very efficient surfaces for the adhesion of mammalian cells. We prepare such deposits by plasma polymerization at low pressure, atmospheric pressure, or by vacuum-ultraviolet photo-polymerization. More recently, we have also investigated a commercially available material, Parylene diX AM. In this article we first briefly introduce literature relating to electrostatic interactions between cells, proteins, and charged surfaces. We then present certain selected cell-response results that pertain to applications in orthopedic and cardiovascular medicine: we discuss the influence of surface properties on the observed behaviors of two particular cell lines, human U937 monocytes, and Chinese hamster ovary cells. Particular emphasis is placed on possible electrostatic attractive forces due to positively charged R-NH3+ groups and negatively charged proteins and cells, respectively. Experiments carried out with electrets, polymers with high positive or negative surface potentials are added for comparison