15 research outputs found
Ultrathin 2D Photodetectors Utilizing Chemical Vapor Deposition Grown WS<sub>2</sub> With Graphene Electrodes
In
this report, graphene (Gr) is used as a 2D electrode and monolayer
WS<sub>2</sub> as the active semiconductor in ultrathin photodetector
devices. All of the 2D materials are grown by chemical vapor deposition
(CVD) and thus pose as a viable route to scalability. The monolayer
thickness of both electrode and semiconductor gives these photodetectors
∼2 nm thickness. We show that graphene is different to conventional
metal (Au) electrodes due to the finite density of states from the
Dirac cones of the valence and conduction bands, which enables the
photoresponsivity to be modulated by electrostatic gating and light
input control. We demonstrate lateral Gr–WS<sub>2</sub>–Gr
photodetectors with photoresponsivities reaching 3.5 A/W under illumination
power densities of 2.5 × 10<sup>7</sup> mW/cm<sup>2</sup>. The
performance of monolayer WS<sub>2</sub> is compared to bilayer WS<sub>2</sub> in photodetectors and we show that increased photoresponsivity
is achieved in the thicker bilayer WS<sub>2</sub> crystals due to
increased optical absorption. This approach of incorporating graphene
electrodes in lateral TMD based devices provides insights on the contact
engineering in 2D optoelectronics, which is crucial for the development
of high performing ultrathin photodetector arrays for versatile applications
Utilizing Interlayer Excitons in Bilayer WS<sub>2</sub> for Increased Photovoltaic Response in Ultrathin Graphene Vertical Cross-Bar Photodetecting Tunneling Transistors
Here
we study the layer-dependent photoconductivity in Gr/WS<sub>2</sub>/Gr vertical stacked tunneling (VST) cross-bar devices made
using two-dimensional (2D) materials all grown by chemical vapor deposition.
The larger number of devices (>100) enables a statistically robust
analysis on the comparative differences in the photovoltaic response
of monolayer and bilayer WS<sub>2</sub>, which cannot be achieved
in small batch devices made using mechanically exfoliated materials.
We show a dramatic increase in photovoltaic response for Gr/WS<sub>2</sub>(2L)/Gr compared to monolayers because of the long inter-
and intralayer exciton lifetimes and the small exciton binding energy
(both interlayer and intralayer excitons) of bilayer WS<sub>2</sub> compared with that of monolayer WS<sub>2</sub>. Different doping
levels and dielectric environments of top and bottom graphene electrodes
result in a potential difference across a ∼1 nm vertical device,
which gives rise to large electric fields perpendicular to the WS<sub>2</sub> layers that cause band structure modification. Our results
show how precise control over layer number in all 2D VST devices dictates
the photophysics and performance for photosensing applications
Nanoporous Silicon-Assisted Patterning of Monolayer MoS<sub>2</sub> with Thermally Controlled Porosity: A Scalable Method for Diverse Applications
Nanoscale
pore formation on chemical vapor deposition grown monolayer
MoS<sub>2</sub> is achieved using oxygen plasma etching through a
nanoporous silicon mask, creating round pores of ∼70 nm in
diameter. The microscale areas with high porosity were successfully
patterned via the usage of silicon masks. Thermal annealing in air
after the pore formation in the monolayers results in the gradual
enlargement of the pores, providing an effective method of controlling
edge-to-area ratio of MoS<sub>2</sub> crystals. The photoluminescence
of the nanoporous MoS<sub>2</sub> exhibits rapid increase and blue-shift
due to facile p-doping during the thermal annealing process compared
to pristine MoS<sub>2</sub>. This method of fabricating porous transition
metal dichalcogenide layers with controlled edge densities presents
opportunities in various applications that require atomically thin
nanomaterials with controlled pore density and edge sites, such as
filtration, electrocatalysis, and sensing
Atomic Structure and Dynamics of Defects in 2D MoS<sub>2</sub> Bilayers
We present a detailed atomic-level
study of defects in bilayer
MoS<sub>2</sub> using aberration-corrected transmission electron microscopy
at an 80 kV accelerating voltage. Sulfur vacancies are found in both
the top and bottom layers in 2H- and 3R-stacked MoS<sub>2</sub> bilayers.
In 3R-stacked bilayers, sulfur vacancies can migrate between layers
but more preferably reside in the (Mo–2S) column rather than
the (2S) column, indicating more complex vacancy production and migration
in the bilayer system. As the point vacancy number increases, aggregation
into larger defect structures occurs, and this impacts the interlayer
stacking. Competition between compression in one layer from the loss
of S atoms and the van der Waals interlayer force causes much less
structural deformations than those in the monolayer system. Sulfur
vacancy lines neighboring in top and bottom layers introduce less
strain compared to those staggered in the same layer. These results
show how defect structures in multilayered two-dimensional materials
differ from their monolayer form
Epitaxial Templating of Two-Dimensional Metal Chloride Nanocrystals on Monolayer Molybdenum Disulfide
We demonstrate the formation of ionic
metal chloride (CuCl) two-dimensional
(2D) nanocrystals epitaxially templated on the surface of monolayer
molybdenum disulfide (MoS<sub>2</sub>). These 2D CuCl nanocrystals
are single atomic planes from a nonlayered bulk CuCl structure. They
are stabilized as a 2D monolayer on the surface of the MoS<sub>2</sub> through interactions with the uniform periodic surface of the MoS<sub>2</sub>. The heterostructure 2D system is studied at the atomic level
using aberration-corrected transmission electron microscopy at 80
kV. Dynamics of discrete rotations of the CuCl nanocrystals are observed,
maintaining two types of preferential alignments to the MoS<sub>2</sub> lattice, confirming that the strong interlayer interactions drive
the stable CuCl structure. Strain maps are produced from displacement
maps and used to track real-time variations of local atomic bonding
and defect production. Density functional theory calculations interpret
the formation of two types of energetically advantageous commensurate
superlattices <i>via</i> strong chemical bonds at interfaces
and predict their corresponding electronic structures. These results
show how vertical heterostructured 2D nanoscale systems can be formed
beyond the simple assembly of preformed layered materials and provide
indications about how different 2D components and their interfacial
coupling mode could influence the overall property of the heterostructures
Revealing Defect-State Photoluminescence in Monolayer WS<sub>2</sub> by Cryogenic Laser Processing
Understanding the stability of monolayer
transition metal dichalcogenides
in atmospheric conditions has important consequences for their handling,
life-span, and utilization in applications. We show that cryogenic
photoluminescence spectroscopy (PL) is a highly sensitive technique
to the detection of oxidation induced degradation of monolayer tungsten
disulfide (WS<sub>2</sub>) caused by exposure to ambient conditions.
Although long-term exposure to atmospheric conditions causes massive
degradation from oxidation that is optically visible, short-term exposure
produces no obvious changes to the PL or Raman spectra measured at
either room temperature or even cryogenic environment. Laser processing
was employed to remove the surface adsorbents, which enables the defect
states to be detected via cryogenic PL spectroscopy. Thermal cycling
to room temperature and back down to 77 K shows the process is reversible.
We also monitor the degradation process of WS<sub>2</sub> using this
method, which shows that the defect related peak can be observed after
one month aging in ambient conditions
Atomically Flat Zigzag Edges in Monolayer MoS<sub>2</sub> by Thermal Annealing
The
edges of 2D materials show novel electronic, magnetic, and
optical properties, especially when reduced to nanoribbon widths.
Therefore, methods to create atomically flat edges in 2D materials
are essential for future exploitation. Atomically flat edges in 2D
materials are found after brittle fracture or when electrically biasing,
but a simple scalable approach for creating atomically flat periodic
edges in monolayer 2D transition metal dichalcogenides has yet to
be realized. Here, we show how heating monolayer MoS<sub>2</sub> to
800 °C in vacuum produces atomically flat Mo terminated zigzag
edges in nanoribbons. We study this at the atomic level using an ultrastable
in situ heating holder in an aberration-corrected transmission electron
microscope and discriminating Mo from S at the edge, revealing unique
Mo terminations for all zigzag orientations that remain stable and
atomically flat when cooling back to room temperature. Highly faceted
MoS<sub>2</sub> nanoribbon constrictions are produced with Mo rich
edge structures that have theoretically predicted spin separated transport
channels, which are promising for spin logic applications
Atomically Flat Zigzag Edges in Monolayer MoS<sub>2</sub> by Thermal Annealing
The
edges of 2D materials show novel electronic, magnetic, and
optical properties, especially when reduced to nanoribbon widths.
Therefore, methods to create atomically flat edges in 2D materials
are essential for future exploitation. Atomically flat edges in 2D
materials are found after brittle fracture or when electrically biasing,
but a simple scalable approach for creating atomically flat periodic
edges in monolayer 2D transition metal dichalcogenides has yet to
be realized. Here, we show how heating monolayer MoS<sub>2</sub> to
800 °C in vacuum produces atomically flat Mo terminated zigzag
edges in nanoribbons. We study this at the atomic level using an ultrastable
in situ heating holder in an aberration-corrected transmission electron
microscope and discriminating Mo from S at the edge, revealing unique
Mo terminations for all zigzag orientations that remain stable and
atomically flat when cooling back to room temperature. Highly faceted
MoS<sub>2</sub> nanoribbon constrictions are produced with Mo rich
edge structures that have theoretically predicted spin separated transport
channels, which are promising for spin logic applications
Atomically Flat Zigzag Edges in Monolayer MoS<sub>2</sub> by Thermal Annealing
The
edges of 2D materials show novel electronic, magnetic, and
optical properties, especially when reduced to nanoribbon widths.
Therefore, methods to create atomically flat edges in 2D materials
are essential for future exploitation. Atomically flat edges in 2D
materials are found after brittle fracture or when electrically biasing,
but a simple scalable approach for creating atomically flat periodic
edges in monolayer 2D transition metal dichalcogenides has yet to
be realized. Here, we show how heating monolayer MoS<sub>2</sub> to
800 °C in vacuum produces atomically flat Mo terminated zigzag
edges in nanoribbons. We study this at the atomic level using an ultrastable
in situ heating holder in an aberration-corrected transmission electron
microscope and discriminating Mo from S at the edge, revealing unique
Mo terminations for all zigzag orientations that remain stable and
atomically flat when cooling back to room temperature. Highly faceted
MoS<sub>2</sub> nanoribbon constrictions are produced with Mo rich
edge structures that have theoretically predicted spin separated transport
channels, which are promising for spin logic applications
Atomically Flat Zigzag Edges in Monolayer MoS<sub>2</sub> by Thermal Annealing
The
edges of 2D materials show novel electronic, magnetic, and
optical properties, especially when reduced to nanoribbon widths.
Therefore, methods to create atomically flat edges in 2D materials
are essential for future exploitation. Atomically flat edges in 2D
materials are found after brittle fracture or when electrically biasing,
but a simple scalable approach for creating atomically flat periodic
edges in monolayer 2D transition metal dichalcogenides has yet to
be realized. Here, we show how heating monolayer MoS<sub>2</sub> to
800 °C in vacuum produces atomically flat Mo terminated zigzag
edges in nanoribbons. We study this at the atomic level using an ultrastable
in situ heating holder in an aberration-corrected transmission electron
microscope and discriminating Mo from S at the edge, revealing unique
Mo terminations for all zigzag orientations that remain stable and
atomically flat when cooling back to room temperature. Highly faceted
MoS<sub>2</sub> nanoribbon constrictions are produced with Mo rich
edge structures that have theoretically predicted spin separated transport
channels, which are promising for spin logic applications