Real-time Monitoring for the Next Core-Collapse Supernova in JUNO

Core-collapse supernova (CCSN) is one of the most energetic astrophysical events in the Universe. The early and prompt detection of neutrinos before (pre-SN) and during the SN burst is a unique opportunity to realize the multi-messenger observation of the CCSN events. In this work, we describe the monitoring concept and present the sensitivity of the system to the pre-SN and SN neutrinos at the Jiangmen Underground Neutrino Observatory (JUNO), which is a 20 kton liquid scintillator detector under construction in South China. The real-time monitoring system is designed with both the prompt monitors on the electronic board and online monitors at the data acquisition stage, in order to ensure both the alert speed and alert coverage of progenitor stars. By assuming a false alert rate of 1 per year, this monitoring system can be sensitive to the pre-SN neutrinos up to the distance of about 1.6 (0.9) kpc and SN neutrinos up to about 370 (360) kpc for a progenitor mass of 30$M_{\odot}$ for the case of normal (inverted) mass ordering. The pointing ability of the CCSN is evaluated by using the accumulated event anisotropy of the inverse beta decay interactions from pre-SN or SN neutrinos, which, along with the early alert, can play important roles for the followup multi-messenger observations of the next Galactic or nearby extragalactic CCSN.Comment: 24 pages, 9 figure

pH differential power sources with electrochemical neutralization

abstractChemistryDoctoralDoctor of Philosoph

Preparation of Pt nanoparticle-loaded three-dimensional Fe3O4/carbon with high electro-oxidation activity

Program for New Century Excellent Talents in Fujian Province [X12103]; Natural Science Foundation of China [20701031]; Natural Science Foundation of Fujian Province of China [C0710045]A three-dimensional (3D) Fe3O4/carbon material functionalized with amino and hydroxyl groups was synthesized by decomposing 2,4,5-trichlorophenol/ferrocene mixture in the presence of ammonia and polyethylene glycol in solvothermal conditions at 250 degrees C for 30 h by a one-step process. The 3D Fe3O4/carbon materials can be loaded with Pt nanoparticles without adding any reducing agent; Pt-loaded 3D Fe3O4/carbon hybrid materials have superior electrochemical catalytic activity toward methanol oxidation and the oxidation current density on them is nearly triple that on a commercial Pt/C catalyst. (C) 2010 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved

Solvothermal syntheses of hollow carbon microspheres modified with -NH2 and -OH groups in one-step process

Program for New Century Excellent Talents in Fujian Province [X12103]; Natural Science Foundation of China [20701031]; Natural Science Foundation of Fujian Province of China [C0710045]Homogeneous and monodisperse hollow carbon microspheres (HCMS) functionalized with amino and hydroxyl groups are synthesized by decomposing 2,4,6-tribromopheno/ferrocene mixture in the presence of ammonia via a one-step solvothermal process at 250 degrees C for 24 h. The effect of experimental conditions on the morphology of carbon microspheres has been investigated systematically. The surface of the HCMS is modified with amino and hydroxyl groups through the synthesis process as confirmed by infra-red spectroscopy and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. The pore-size distribution and the specific area of macropores are measured by nitrogen adsorption-desorption and mercury intrusion porosimetry. The as-synthesized HCMS has the high Brunauer-Emmett-Teller surface area of 289 m(2)/g and macropores whose diameter is mostly larger than 100 nm. To investigate the chemical reactivity of functionalized groups on the surface of HCMS, Au and Ag nanoparticles are successfully loaded onto HCMS by direct reduction of HAuCl4 or AgNO3 without adding any reducing agent. (C) 2010 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved

Graphene Enhances the Specificity of the Polymerase Chain Reaction

Graphene can inhibit non-specific DNA fragments, and the specificity of the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) can be retained even after eight rounds of repeated amplification in the presence of graphene in the form of reduced graphene oxide (RGO). In the figure, the numbers at the top give the number of rounds of PCR; lanes marked with C correspond to controls (no RGO), and the concentration of RGO in the other samples is 12 μg mL−1.Natural Science Foundation of China [30900350, 81171453, 20701031]; Science and Technology Innovation Project of Xiamen for Distinguished Young Scholars [3502Z20116004]; Program for New Century Excellent Talents in University, Ministry of Educatio

Graphene enhances the specificity of the polymerase chain reaction

Graphene can inhibit non-specific DNA fragments, and the specificity of the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) can be retained even after eight rounds of repeated amplification in the presence of graphene in the form of reduced graphene oxide (RGO). In the figure, the numbers at the top give the number of rounds of PCR; lanes marked with C correspond to controls (no RGO), and the concentration of RGO in the other samples is 12 渭g mL-1. Copyright 漏 2012 WILEY-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim

Characteristics and Formation Conditions of Se-Bearing Metacinnabar in the Wanshan Mercury Ore Field, Eastern Guizhou

Cinnabar (α-HgS) is the most common sulfide of mercury while metacinnabar (β-HgS), a high-temperature homogeneous polymorph of the mercury sulfide, is relatively rare, and the α phase of cinnabar transforms to the β phase at 344 °C. Meanwhile, there is a complete isomorphic series between HgS and HgSe, and the occurrence of Se-bearing metacinnabar is of great significance for the exploration of selenium resources. We studied through microscopic observation, electron-probe microanalysis, X-ray diffraction and field emission scanning electronic microscopy (FESEM) the Se-bearing metacinnabar of the Wanshan mercury ore field of southeastern Yangtze Block. These analyses, combined with physicochemical phase diagrams, constrained the textural and chemical evolution during the formation process of Se-bearing metacinnabar. Se-bearing metacinnabar was found in altered carbonatite, intergrown with cinnabar, sphalerite, pyrite, realgar and quartz. The Se-bearing metacinnabar contains 77.66–84.01 wt.% Hg, 0.18–1.17 wt.% Zn with extensive isomorphic substitution of Se and S (2.79–14.77 wt.% Se, 6.15–11.82 wt.% S). The presence of impurity elements (e.g., Zn and Se) is considered to be the key factor in expanding the stable range of Se-bearing metacinnabar. The cinnabar generated by the transformation of Se-bearing metacinnabar is characterized by inclusions of Hg-bearing sphalerite and pores, which indicate that this process was carried out through a coupled dissolution–reprecipitation (CDR) reaction. The formation temperature of Se-bearing metacinnabar is higher than that of cinnabar, and according to the phase relations between sulfides and selenides, we propose that logfS2(g) of ore-forming fluids is constrained within −15.663 to −13.141, and logfSe2 fS2–3.994 (150 °C)

Identification and validation of reference genes for quantitative real-time PCR studies in long yellow daylily, <i>Hemerocallis citrina</i> Borani

<div><p>Gene expression analysis using reverse transcription quantitative real-time PCR (RT-qPCR) requires the use of reference gene(s) in the target species. The long yellow daylily, <i>Hemerocallis citrina</i> Baroni. is rich in beneficial secondary metabolites and is considered as a functional vegetable. It is widely cultivated and consumed in East Asian countries. However, reference genes for use in RT-qPCR in <i>H</i>. <i>citrina</i> are not available. In the present study, six potential reference genes, <i>actin</i> (<i>ACT</i>), <i>AP-4 complex subunit</i> (<i>AP4</i>), <i>tubulin</i> (<i>TUB</i>), <i>ubiquitin</i> (<i>UBQ</i>), <i>18S</i> and <i>60S ribosomal RNA</i>, were selected and their expression stability in different developmental stages, organs and accessions was evaluated using four statistical software packages (geNorm, NormFinder, BestKeeper, and RefFinder). For commercial flower buds of different landraces, the combination of <i>60S</i>, <i>TUB</i>, and <i>AP4</i> was appropriate whereas <i>ACT</i> and <i>60S</i> was suitable for normalization of different organs. In addition, <i>AP4</i> exhibited the most stable expression in flower buds among different developmental stages. <i>UBQ</i> was less stable than the other reference genes under the experimental conditions except under different organs was <i>18S</i>. The relative expression levels of two genes, <i>primary-amine oxidase</i> (<i>HcAOC3</i>) and <i>tyrosine aminotransferase</i> (<i>HcTAT</i>) which play important roles in alkaloid biosynthesis were also examined in different organs of the ‘Datong’ landrace, which further confirmed the results of selected reference genes. This is the first report to evaluate the stability of reference genes in the long yellow daylily that can serve as a foundation for RT-qPCR analysis of gene expression in this species.</p></div

Commercial stage flower buds of different landraces and flower buds at different developmental stages of ‘Datong’.

<p>A, B and C are commercial-stage flower buds of ‘Panlong’, ‘Changzuizi’ and ‘Datong’ landraces, respectively. D and E are flower buds of ‘Datong’ landrace at 0-5cm and 5-10cm stage, respectively.</p

Box-whiskers plot showing Ct variation of six candidate reference genes in the LYD samples.

<p>(A) flower buds at different developmental stages of ‘Datong’ landrace; (B) different organs of ‘Datong’ landrace; (C) commercial flower buds of different landraces; and (D) all samples. The horizontal line within each box represents the median value. For each box, the upper and lower edges indicate the 25th and 75th percentiles, while whiskers represent the maximum and minimum values.</p