Sea Otter, Enhydra lutris, mortalities in California, 1968 through 1993

Sea otter, Enhydra lutris, mortality in California and the relative contribution from specific causes was assessed for the 26 years from 1968 through 1993. There were 2,082 dead sea otters recorded from Tomales Bay (Marin County) south to Bluff Cove (Los Angeles County) during that period. The average number of carcasses recorded was 80 per year and seven per month. Sex was identified in 87% (n=1,819) of the cases and was composed of 47% female and 53% male. A relative age was assigned to 97% (n=2,017) of the cases and was composed of 28% pup, 18% subadult and 54% adult. Specific causes of death were determined for 26% (n=55 1) of the cases. The majority of these (n=381) were considered to be due to natural causes and included the following specific causes: shark bitten (n=78), probably shark bitten (n=106), other natural causes (n=140), and mating wounds (n=57). The remaining (n=170) were considered to be due to human-related causes and included the following specific causes: shot (n=72), probably shot (n=8), net drowned (n=76), and other human causes (n=14). The large proportion of carcasses without an identified specific cause of death prompted a more detailed necropsy effort in 1992 and 1993. During that period, 78 of the 232 recovered carcasses were examined by veterinary pathologists and a specific cause of death was determined in 76% (n=59) of the cases. This effort identified a wide range of specific causes of death that otherwise may have been categorized as "unknown without trauma". Considering the variety of diseases diagnosed in this expanded necropsy program, it would be prudent to continue this level of examination to refine our knowledge of sea otter pathology. (48pp.

Leaf By Leaf

A Tree in Autumn is a lovely sight. One tree alone can concentrate the beauty of a whole woodland, leaf by leaf and branch by branch, as one flower can give the essence of a whole garden

Geology of the Tertiary Sediments in the Northwestern End of the Wind River Basin

The lithology of the majority of the beds of the northwestern end of the Wind River Basin varies greatly within short distances. A few individual beds retain their character over a comparatively large area. These beds were traced for more than ten miles along the north side of Wind River Valley. The topography of the area is strikingly different at various locations, due to glaciation, changes in lithology, and elevation above the Wind River. Eleven stratigraphic sections were carefully measured and described. These sections were correlated on the basis of trigonometric projection, Stratigraphic sequence, and lithologic similarity. Measurements and traverses were made with a transit to insure accuracy. It is the writer\u27s hope that this article will prove of value to future students of the area

The Telecommunication Act of 1996 and its impact on local land-use ordinances

This study investigates the passage of the Telecom Act of 1996 and its effects on local land-use ordinances. Many communities were not fully prepared to handle the numerous amount of communication tower requests that this piece of legislation was to bestow upon them. This study is largely descriptive in nature, employing a case study approach in order to document the recent developments of local communities and their reactions to the proliferation of cellular towers within their jurisdictions. North Carolina was one such State that was quickly consumed with cellular tower applications once the Telecom Act was signed into law. So it is, that the Counties chosen in this study come from the State of North Carolina. The methods of data collection for this project consist of four types, 1) materials available on-line (Internet), 2) published articles. reports and community ordinances, 3) Interviews with County representatives, and 4) development of case studies. Case studies in this project will examine the history of each county and the Telecom Act’s impact on the communities The result of this study should indicate how a local community’s reaction to the Telecom Act of 1996 and their action/inaction has led to an improvement in land-use controls or simply, minor adjustments that have done little in the way of controlling the siting of cellular towers within their jurisdiction

Alien Registration- Day, Wendell D. (Portland, Cumberland County)

https://digitalmaine.com/alien_docs/24489/thumbnail.jp

Alien Registration- Day, Wendell D. (Portland, Cumberland County)

https://digitalmaine.com/alien_docs/24489/thumbnail.jp

The thermal conductivity of potassium chloride at elevated temperatures

The transport of heat in solids is attributed to the combined effect of the quantized vibrations of lattice points, or phonons, and the flow of valence electrons. In dielectric solids, the thermal conductivity is due almost entirely to phonons, while in metals the latter method preponderates. Scattering processes in dielectric solids, giving rise to thermal resistance, also serve to limit the thermal conductivity. Scattering results from vacancies, dislocations, interstitial atoms and phonon interaction. Crystal boundaries also function as scattering points and in crystals of small dimensions, this process is the most pronounced conductivity-limiting factor. At low temperatures the thermal resistance of an ideal crystal is due almost entirely to boundary scattering while at high temperatures anharmonic coupling is the primary limiting factor. As the temperature increases, boundary scattering becomes less pronounced but anharmonic coupling increases. At some median temperature the conductivity is a maximum…. Considerable experimental work has been done in the past to determine the thermal conductivity of various alkali halides below the boiling point of water. Values determined by early experimenters differed widely, but these discrepancies are attributed to various major defects in the samples used. Measurements at the Missouri School of Mines and Metallurgy of the conductivity of sodium chloride above this temperature and to approximately 600°K indicate a relationship proportional to l/T1.3. Therefore, it appears that if theory is to be substantiated by experimental determinations, the conductivity of a single specimen must be examined to the maximum attainable temperature, i.e. the melting point of the substance. Equipment built by Weisbrod and improved by Brown and Ohlsen was available at the beginning of the investigation. Its design utilizes an absolute steady state method of measurement. Two nearly perfect cylindrical crystals of potassium chloride were used in the experiment, one approximately half the thickness of the other. The purpose of this investigation was to improve the operation of existing equipment and to extend the experimental data available on the conductivity of potassium chloride --Introduction, pages 1-3

Low-Visibility Visual Simulation with Real Fog

An environmental fog simulation (EFS) attachment was developed to aid in the study of natural low-visibility visual cues and subsequently used to examine the realism effect upon the aircraft simulator visual scene. A review of the basic fog equations indicated that the two major factors must be accounted for in the simulation of low visibility-one due to atmospheric attenuation and one due to veiling luminance. These factors are compared systematically by: comparing actual measurements lo those computed from the Fog equations, and comparing runway-visual-range-related visual-scene contrast values with the calculated values. These values are also compared with the simulated equivalent equations and with contrast measurements obtained from a current electronic fog synthesizer to help identify areas in which improvements are needed. These differences in technique, the measured values, the Features of both systems, a pilot opinion survey of the EFS fog, and improvements (by combining features of both systems) that are expected to significantly increase the potential as well as flexibility for producing a very high-fidelity, low-visibility visual simulation are discussed