Intent in Patent Infringement

In An Intentional Tort Theory of Patents , Professor Vishnubhakat makes two arguments. First, that liability for patent infringement should only be imposed upon defendants who intentionally make, use, or sell, patented inventions. And second, that if patent infringement includes such an intent requirement, it would no longer be a strict liability tort. This response agrees with the first thesis: patent infringement should require intentional conduct of a certain sort. However, the response disagrees with the second thesis: even if patent infringement requires such intent, liability would, in my view, still be “ strict.

Multipoint injection indocyanine green lymphography can reduce lymphaticovenular anastomosis surgical time and improve the surgical results for lymphedema

Aim: Lymphaticovenular anastomosis (LVA) is the mainstay of surgical treatment of lymphedema now. Indocyanine green (ICG) lymphography is a method for detecting lymphatic pathways and for the clinical evaluation of patients with extremity lymphedema. The essential point of LVA is to find more functional lymphatic vessels. Sometimes, in cases of lymphatic dysfunction, ICG injections into the distal extremities are insufficient. The purpose of this study was to elucidate the effect of multi-injection of ICG lymphography on LVA.Methods: In this study, we injected ICG into the second web of the hands or the first web of the feet. In the multi-injection group, we injected additional ICG in other sites. We observed the presence or absence of a linear pattern at each injection site with a near-infrared camera. Then, we performed LVA and evaluated the circumference change and the operation time.Results: In the multi-injection group, we injected ICG into the upper limb at an average of 2.2 sites (range: 1-3 sites) and the lower limb at an average of 3.2 sites (range: 1-5 sites). The circumference change of upper limbs in the control group was -3.95% ± 1.34% and in the multi-injection group was -6.96% ± 0.88% (P < 0.05). The change in circumference of lower limbs was -5.01% ± 2.2% in the multi-injection group and -2.33% ± 1.77% in the control group (P = 0.003). The mean surgical duration was significantly shortened in the multi-injection group (P < 0.05).Conclusion: By injecting ICG into multiple sites of the affected limbs, we could detect more functional lymphatic vessels during LVA, which was helpful for achieving a successful surgical result

Recurrence of Sub-Synchronous Oscillation Accident of Hornsea Wind Farm in UK and Its Suppression Strategy

A large-scale power system breakdown in the United Kingdom caused blackouts in several important cities, losing about 3.2 percent of the load and affecting nearly 1 million power users on 9 August 2019. On the basis of the accident investigation report provided by the UK National Grid, the specific reasons for the sub-synchronous oscillation of Hornsea wind farm were analyzed. The Hornsea wind power system model was established by MATLAB simulation software to reproduce the accident. To solve this problem, based on the positive and negative sequence decomposition, the control strategy of grid-side converter of doubly-fed induction generator is improved to control the positive sequence voltage of the generator terminal, which can quickly recover the voltage by compensating the reactive power at the grid side. Consequently, the influence of the fault is weakened on the Hornsea wind farm system, and the sub-synchronous oscillation of the system is suppressed. The simulation results verify the effectiveness of the proposed control strategy in suppressing the sub-synchronous oscillation of weak AC wind power system after being applied to doubly-fed induction generator, which serves as a reference for studying similar problems of offshore wind power

Preoperative sarcopenia combined with prognostic nutritional index predicts long-term prognosis of radical gastrectomy with advanced gastric cancer: a comprehensive analysis of two-center study

Abstract Purpose This study aims to investigate the predictive value of the combined index smni(skeletal muscle index (SMI)-prognostic nutrition index(PNI)) for the postoperative survival of patients with advanced gastric cancer(AGC). Methods 650 patients with AGC from two centers (290 cases from the First Affiliated Hospital of Dalian University and 360 points from the Fujian Medical University Union Hospital) were selected as the study subjects based on unified screening criteria. Clinical data, preoperative abdominal CT images, results of hematology-related examinations, tumor-related characteristics, and surgical and follow-up data of the patients were collected and organized. The L3 vertebral level muscle area was measured using computer-assisted measurement techniques, and the skeletal muscle index(SMI) was calculated based on this measurement. The prognostic nutrition index (PNI) was calculated based on serum albumin and lymphocyte count indicators. The Kaplan-Meier survival analysis of data from the First Affiliated Hospital was used to determine that SMI and PNI are significantly correlated with the postoperative survival rate of patients with advanced gastric cancer. Based on this, a novel combined index smni was fitted and stratified for risk. Cox proportional hazards regression analysis was used to determine that the index smni is an independent prognostic risk factor for patients with AGC after surgery. The ROC curve was used to describe the predictive ability of the new combined index and its importance and predictive power in predicting postoperative survival of patients with AGC, which was verified in the data of Fujian Medical University Union Hospital. Result The Kaplan-Meier curve analysis of the combined indicator smni Is clearly associated with long-term survival(3-year OS (P < 0.001) and DSS (P < 0.001)), univariate analysis and multivariate analysis showed that smni was an independent prognostic risk factor, The ROC curve for the first center 3-year OS(AUC = 0.678), DSS(AUC = 0.662) show good predictive ability and were validated in the second center. Conclusion The combined index smni has a good predictive ability for the postoperative survival rate of patients with AGC and is expected to provide a new reference basis and more accurate and scientific guidance for the postoperative management and treatment of patients with AGC