36 research outputs found
Slumming Reconceived: Empire, Oriental Imagery, and Middle Class Identity in Victorian London
This PhD thesis is a critical engagement with the practice of slumming, which I will reconceive through considering questions of empire and the construction of middle class identity. The thesis explores how those who went slumming adopted racial rhetoric to bring not only the metropolitan poor but also colonial subjects to the fore. They were imaginatively constructed as inferiors positioned in symbolic hierarchies where the low were assumed to be a threat posed t o the religious and the social structure of the nation while at the same time assuring middle class authority and self image. The deployment of racial rhetoric also turned urban spaces into the far reaches of the British empire where a variety of opium establishments in the riverside districts of London came to the surface. The East End was thus rhetorically Orientalised as an Orient which was supposed to be employed by the empire for conquest and colonial domination of the Other, but which started to threaten and subvert the empire’s very existence. Situated at the heart of the empire, the Orientalised slums were best described as a series of displacements that worked in a metonymic chain to satisfy the middle class curiosity for colonial fantasies. This thesis also considers how those who went slumming used deceptive practices to pass unobserved in order to spend time among the poor and reveal the conditions that would otherwise remain hidden. Their stories of changing social roles, which hinged on the serial suspense of their attempts at immersion and sensational elements, were merely a series of self consciously theatrical performances. By playfully imitating those whom they investigated, the middle class observers surely amused the reader and the audience, but they also revealed the existing structures of social class that subsidised these fantasies.</p
In Situ Observation of Au Nanostructure Evolution in Liquid Cell TEM
Gold
nanostructures (NSs) have been widely investigated due to
their unique properties. Understanding their growth behaviors during
synthesis will be beneficial in designing and applying to many functional
nanodevices. It is important to enrich the fundamental science and
technology of the synthesis and characterization through real time
evolution. In this work, we observed the dynamic growth of Au NSs
by using liquid in situ transmission electron microscopy (TEM). The
solution was sealed in a liquid cell, and the results indicated that
the thicker solution layer tended to form multi-twinned decahedral
NSs; in contrast, nanoplates easily formed in the thinner solution
layer. The silver halide model, relying on side-face structures, and
the Wulff construction can be used to explain the formation of NSs.
Additionally, we analyzed the growth rate of different morphologies
to elucidate their growth behaviors. The growth mechanism and formation
kinetics of different shapes of Au NSs were systematically studied,
which provided direct evidence toward and extended the study of reaction
kinetics for modifying the morphology of NSs
In Situ Observation of Au Nanostructure Evolution in Liquid Cell TEM
Gold
nanostructures (NSs) have been widely investigated due to
their unique properties. Understanding their growth behaviors during
synthesis will be beneficial in designing and applying to many functional
nanodevices. It is important to enrich the fundamental science and
technology of the synthesis and characterization through real time
evolution. In this work, we observed the dynamic growth of Au NSs
by using liquid in situ transmission electron microscopy (TEM). The
solution was sealed in a liquid cell, and the results indicated that
the thicker solution layer tended to form multi-twinned decahedral
NSs; in contrast, nanoplates easily formed in the thinner solution
layer. The silver halide model, relying on side-face structures, and
the Wulff construction can be used to explain the formation of NSs.
Additionally, we analyzed the growth rate of different morphologies
to elucidate their growth behaviors. The growth mechanism and formation
kinetics of different shapes of Au NSs were systematically studied,
which provided direct evidence toward and extended the study of reaction
kinetics for modifying the morphology of NSs
Observing Growth of Nanostructured ZnO in Liquid
Hydrothermal
synthesis is commonly used to produce a large area
of ZnO nanowires because of its simple and inexpensive process. However,
the mechanism of hydrothermal synthesis remains unknown. In this work,
zinc acetate and HMTA dissolved in deionized water as a precursor
solution were sealed in a liquid cell for observation by <i>in
situ</i> transmission electron microscopy. The growth of ZnO
nanowires was classified into two steps. The first step was the nucleation
and growth of ZnO nanoparticles. The ZnO nanoparticles grew as a result
of either isotropic monomer attachment on the {21Ì…1Ì…0}
and {01Ì…10} surfaces or coalescence of nanoparticles in the
same crystal arrangement. The second step was the anisotropic growth
of ZnO nanoparticles into nanowires on the (0001) surface. Because
the (0001) surface is Zn-terminated with positive charges that can
attract the negatively charged monomers, i.e., [ZnÂ(OH)<sub>4</sub>]<sup>2–</sup>,the monomers tended to deposit on the (0001)
surface, resulting in ZnO nanowires growing along the [0001] direction.
Moreover, the growth of ZnO nanowires was identified to be a reaction-controlled
system. The direct observation of the dynamic process sheds light
on the hydrothermal synthesis method
Revealing Controllable Nanowire Transformation through Cationic Exchange for RRAM Application
One dimensional metal oxide nanostructures
have attracted much
attention owing to their fascinating functional properties. Among
them, piezoelectricity and photocatalysts along with their related
materials have stirred significant interests and widespread studies
in recent years. In this work, we successfully transformed piezoelectric
ZnO into photocatalytic TiO<sub>2</sub> and formed TiO<sub>2</sub>/ZnO axial heterostructure nanowires with flat interfaces by solid
to solid cationic exchange reactions in high vacuum (approximately
10<sup>–8</sup> Torr) transmission electron microscope (TEM).
Kinetic behavior of the single crystalline TiO<sub>2</sub> was systematically
analyzed. The nanoscale growth rate of TiO<sub>2</sub> has been measured
using in situ TEM videos. On the basis of the rate, we can control
the dimensions of the axial-nanoheterostructure. In addition, the
unique Pt/ ZnO / TiO<sub>2</sub>/ ZnO /Pt heterostructures with complementary
resistive switching (CRS) characteristics were designed to solve the
important issue of sneak-peak current. The resistive switching behavior
was attributed to the migration of oxygen and TiO<sub>2</sub> layer
served as reservoir, which was confirmed by energy dispersive spectrometry
(EDS) analysis. This study not only supplied a distinct method to
explore the transformation mechanisms but also exhibited the potential
application of ZnO/TiO<sub>2</sub> heterostructure in nanoscale crossbar
array resistive random-access memory (RRAM)
Phosphorus-Doped p–n Homojunction ZnO Nanowires: Growth Kinetics in Liquid and Their Optoelectronic Properties
For wide-ranging applications in
nanoscale electronic devices,
durable and reproducible p-type nanostructures are essential. In this
work, simple ZnO nanowire (NW) p–n homojunctions were grown
using a two-step hydrothermal synthesis method. P<sub>2</sub>O<sub>5</sub> served as a doping source to obtain p-type ZnO NWs. The morphology
of the ZnO NW arrays was examined using field emission scanning electron
microscopy. The high-resolution transmission electron microscopy (HRTEM)
image indicated that the ZnO NW p–n homojunction is single-crystalline
with a ⟨0001⟩ growth direction. The distribution of
P element was analyzed using energy-dispersive spectroscopy. The dynamic
growth observation was conducted using liquid in situ TEM to investigate
the ZnO nucleation and growth mechanism. We divided the ZnO nanocrystal
precipitation into three processes. Whether two adjacent particles
grow stably or not was found to be related to the distance. Moreover,
the temperature-dependent photoluminescence spectra revealed that
two extra emission peaks located at 416 and 435 nm were emitted from
the ZnO NW p–n homojunction, which resulted from donor–acceptor
recombination. In addition, the electron transport properties confirmed
the rectification behavior of the multi ZnO NW p–n homojunctions.
The turn-on voltage and the current were approximately 2.8 V and 10<sup>–4</sup> to 10<sup>–5</sup> A, respectively, under
forward bias. The results indicate the potential application of ZnO
NW p–n homojunctions as nanoscale light-emitting diodes
Phosphorus-Doped p–n Homojunction ZnO Nanowires: Growth Kinetics in Liquid and Their Optoelectronic Properties
For wide-ranging applications in
nanoscale electronic devices,
durable and reproducible p-type nanostructures are essential. In this
work, simple ZnO nanowire (NW) p–n homojunctions were grown
using a two-step hydrothermal synthesis method. P<sub>2</sub>O<sub>5</sub> served as a doping source to obtain p-type ZnO NWs. The morphology
of the ZnO NW arrays was examined using field emission scanning electron
microscopy. The high-resolution transmission electron microscopy (HRTEM)
image indicated that the ZnO NW p–n homojunction is single-crystalline
with a ⟨0001⟩ growth direction. The distribution of
P element was analyzed using energy-dispersive spectroscopy. The dynamic
growth observation was conducted using liquid in situ TEM to investigate
the ZnO nucleation and growth mechanism. We divided the ZnO nanocrystal
precipitation into three processes. Whether two adjacent particles
grow stably or not was found to be related to the distance. Moreover,
the temperature-dependent photoluminescence spectra revealed that
two extra emission peaks located at 416 and 435 nm were emitted from
the ZnO NW p–n homojunction, which resulted from donor–acceptor
recombination. In addition, the electron transport properties confirmed
the rectification behavior of the multi ZnO NW p–n homojunctions.
The turn-on voltage and the current were approximately 2.8 V and 10<sup>–4</sup> to 10<sup>–5</sup> A, respectively, under
forward bias. The results indicate the potential application of ZnO
NW p–n homojunctions as nanoscale light-emitting diodes
Twin-Boundary Reduced Surface Diffusion on Electrically Stressed Copper Nanowires
Surface diffusion is intimately correlated with crystal
orientation
and surface structure. Fast surface diffusion accelerates phase transformation
and structural evolution of materials. Here, through in situ transmission
electron microscopy observation, we show that a copper nanowire with
dense nanoscale coherent twin-boundary (CTB) defects evolves into
a zigzag configuration under electric-current driven surface diffusion.
The hindrance at the CTB-intercepted concave triple junctions decreases
the effective surface diffusivity by almost 1 order of magnitude.
The energy barriers for atomic migration at the concave junctions
and different faceted surfaces are computed using density functional
theory. We proposed that such a stable zigzag surface is shaped not
only by the high-diffusivity facets but also by the stalled atomic
diffusion at the concave junctions. This finding provides a defect-engineering
route to develop robust interconnect materials against electromigration-induced
failures for nanoelectronic devices
Twin-Boundary Reduced Surface Diffusion on Electrically Stressed Copper Nanowires
Surface diffusion is intimately correlated with crystal
orientation
and surface structure. Fast surface diffusion accelerates phase transformation
and structural evolution of materials. Here, through in situ transmission
electron microscopy observation, we show that a copper nanowire with
dense nanoscale coherent twin-boundary (CTB) defects evolves into
a zigzag configuration under electric-current driven surface diffusion.
The hindrance at the CTB-intercepted concave triple junctions decreases
the effective surface diffusivity by almost 1 order of magnitude.
The energy barriers for atomic migration at the concave junctions
and different faceted surfaces are computed using density functional
theory. We proposed that such a stable zigzag surface is shaped not
only by the high-diffusivity facets but also by the stalled atomic
diffusion at the concave junctions. This finding provides a defect-engineering
route to develop robust interconnect materials against electromigration-induced
failures for nanoelectronic devices
Twin-Boundary Reduced Surface Diffusion on Electrically Stressed Copper Nanowires
Surface diffusion is intimately correlated with crystal
orientation
and surface structure. Fast surface diffusion accelerates phase transformation
and structural evolution of materials. Here, through in situ transmission
electron microscopy observation, we show that a copper nanowire with
dense nanoscale coherent twin-boundary (CTB) defects evolves into
a zigzag configuration under electric-current driven surface diffusion.
The hindrance at the CTB-intercepted concave triple junctions decreases
the effective surface diffusivity by almost 1 order of magnitude.
The energy barriers for atomic migration at the concave junctions
and different faceted surfaces are computed using density functional
theory. We proposed that such a stable zigzag surface is shaped not
only by the high-diffusivity facets but also by the stalled atomic
diffusion at the concave junctions. This finding provides a defect-engineering
route to develop robust interconnect materials against electromigration-induced
failures for nanoelectronic devices