Book Review. First of Banyan Trees

The ever fascinating part of an anthology is found in its diverse writings, in both the theme and style. That is also true to Rayuan Pohon Beringin (Flirt of banyan tree), an anthology of short stories published by Gadjah Mada University Press. The anthology is a collection of short stories in the Literature and Arts Award I, held for the first time by the Faculty of Cultural Sciences UGM. The title is taken from one of the winners of the short story competition – “Rayuan Pohon Beringin” (Flirt of banyan tree)

The inhibitory effects of authentic HupA, Fungal methanol extract and fungal HupA purified by HSCCC on acetylcholinesterase activity <i>in vitro</i>.

<p>Values are mean ± SEM expressed as percentage inhibition.</p

The effect of 1% methanol and 1% ethanol on <i>Colletotrichum gloeosporioides</i> ES026 fermentation in a time course study.

<p><i>Colletotrichum gloeosporioides</i> ES026 was cultured in liquid growth medium consisting of potato 200 g/L (soup extract), sucrose 10 g/L and 1% methanol or 1% ethanol, with a blank control (Ctr). The culture was kept shaking at 150 rpm at 25°C for the indicated incubation time. The mycelium biomass was then compared among the treatment groups (A). The HupA yield with ethanol (B) and methanol (C) treatment was analyzed by HPLC of which, Curve 1 depicts authentic HupA (2.0 µg·ml⁻¹), while curves 2 to 7 represent the HupA from 3 to 8 days of fermentation, respectively and the yield was quantified (D). The arrows indicate the peak for HupA. Each data point is the average of three replicates with <i>error bar</i> representing standard deviation.</p

The effect of elicitors on HupA yield and biomass.

<p><i>Colletotrichum gloeosporioides</i> ES026 was cultured in liquid growth medium consisting of potato 200 g/L (soup extract), sucrose 10 g/L and methanol or ethanol was added as indicated amounts, with a blank control (Ctr). The culture was kept shaking at 150 rpm at 25°C for 7 days. The biomass and HupA yield were then quantified. Results are the mean of triplicates with standard deviation represented by error bars. HupA production and biomass were assessed at fermentation day 7.</p

The effect of fermentation duration on HupA yield and biomass at various temperatures.

<p><i>Colletotrichum gloeosporioides</i> ES026 was cultured with the liquid growth medium consisting of potato 200 g/L (soup extract) and sucrose 10 g/L. Each data series represents a fermentation carried out at a specific temperature, with open circles (○) representing 30°C, closed squares (▪) 25°C, closed circles (•) 20°C, and open squares (□) 15°C. The cells were shaken at 150 rpm for the indicated culture time. The biomass and HupA yield were then quantified. Results are the mean of triplicates with standard deviation represented by error bars.</p

The chemical structure of Huperzine A.

<p>The chemical structure of Huperzine A.</p

Effect of 1% methanol and 1% ethanol on <i>Colletotrichum gloeosporioides</i> ES026 fermentation with or without sucrose in the media.

<p>The fungi were cultured in liquid growth medium consisting of potato 200 g/L (soup extract) with or without sucrose. To the culture was also added with 1% methanol, 1% ethanol or a blank control (Ctr). The culture was shaken at 150 rpm at 25°C for the indicated incubation time. The mycelium yield (A), HupA yield (B) and conidiophore amount (C) with different fermentation time were shown. The data set presents the result from fermentation days 4, 6, 8 only. Each data point is the average of three replicates with <i>error bar</i> representing the standard deviation.</p

The morphometrics of mycelium pellets of <i>Colletotrichum gloeosporioides</i> ES026 from different fermentation time.

<p>The fungi were cultured in liquid growth medium consisting of potato 200 g/L (soup extract), and sucrose 10 g/L at 150 rpm shaking at 25°C. The treatment included the media itself (A) and 1% methanol (B) or 1% ethanol (C). On the days 4, 6 and 8, samples were harvested and the sizes were measured with a vernier caliper. (<i>bar</i> = 1.0 cm).</p

The effect of different carbon sources on biomass and HupA yield of <i>Colletotrichum gloeosporioides</i> ES026 cultures.

<p>The fungi were cultured in the liquid growth medium consisting of potato 200 g/L (soup extract) and maltose, glucose or sucrose, which were added at indicated amounts. The culture was shaken at 150 rpm at 25°C for 7 days. The biomass (A) and HupA yield (B) were then quantified. Each data point is the average of three replicates with <i>error bar</i> representing the standard deviation.</p

Summary of optimized cultivation parameters in shake-flask fermentation.

<p>Summary of optimized cultivation parameters in shake-flask fermentation.</p