supplementary_file – Supplemental material for Impact of Navon-Induced Global and Local Processing Biases on the Acquisition of Spatial Knowledge

<p>Supplemental material, supplementary_file for Impact of Navon-Induced Global and Local Processing Biases on the Acquisition of Spatial Knowledge by Wen Wen and Hideaki Kawabata in Impact of Navon-Induced Global and Local Processing Biases on the Acquisition of Spatial Knowledge</p

The Sense of Agency during Continuous Action: Performance Is More Important than Action-Feedback Association

<div><p>The sense of agency refers to the feeling that one is controlling events through one’s own behavior. This study examined how task performance and the delay of events influence one’s sense of agency during continuous action accompanied by a goal. The participants were instructed to direct a moving dot into a square as quickly as possible by pressing the left and right keys on a keyboard to control the direction in which the dot traveled. The interval between the key press and response of the dot (i.e., direction change) was manipulated to vary task difficulty. Moreover, in the assisted condition, the computer ignored participants’ erroneous commands, resulting in improved task performance but a weaker association between the participants’ commands and actual movements of the dot relative to the condition in which all of the participants’ commands were executed (i.e., self-control condition). The results showed that participants’ sense of agency increased with better performance in the assisted condition relative to the self-control condition, even though a large proportion of their commands were not executed. We concluded that, when the action-feedback association was uncertain, cognitive inference was more dominant relative to the process of comparing predicted and perceived information in the judgment of agency.</p></div

An example of the assisted condition.

<p>In the assisted condition, when the angle between the direction of the dot and the target location was less than 90° (the left figure; i.e., when the direction of the dot was within the range shown with the semicircle), commands that caused the dot to move away from the target location (clockwise turn in the left figure) were ignored, while commands that caused the dot to move toward the target location were executed (counterclockwise turn in the left figure). When the angle between the direction of the dot and target location was at least 90° (the right figure), all commands were executed.</p

Frequency of key presses in each condition.

<p>Error bars represent standard errors. We believe that the frequency of key presses reflects the extent of feelings of control. The higher the frequency of key presses, the less control is experienced. The participants pressed the keys more frequently in the 400 ms and 700 ms conditions relative to the 100 ms condition, while the difference between the two longer delay conditions was non-significant. Participants pressed the keys less frequently in the assisted condition relative to the self-control condition. The interaction between delay in response and assistance was non-significant.</p

The number of times participants pressed the left or right key and the number of ignored key presses in each trial.

<p>Error bars represent standard errors. The participants pressed the keys more often when the delay in response was longer. The number of times participants pressed the keys did not differ significantly between the assisted and self-control conditions when the delay was 100 ms, but when the delay increased to 400 ms or 700 ms, they pressed the keys fewer times in the assisted condition relative to the self-control condition. The proportion of ignored operations was greater in the 400 ms and 700 ms conditions relative to the 100 ms condition.</p

Mean control ratings in each condition.

<p>Error bars represent standard errors. The rating scores decreased significantly with incremental delays in response. The differences between the assisted and self-control conditions were significant in the 400 ms and 700 ms conditions but non-significant in the 100 ms condition.</p

The flow of each trial of the experimental task. Arrows with broken lines indicate the direction in which the dot moved.

<p>Participants were instructed to direct the moving dot into the square as quickly as possible by pressing the left or right key to turn the moving dot clockwise or counterclockwise, respectively. After moving the dot to the destination, they used a mouse to rate the extent to which they felt that the dot was under their control, using a 9-point scale.</p

Tuning the Electronic Properties of Poly(thienothiophene vinylene)s via Alkylsulfanyl and Alkylsulfonyl Substituents

The use of alkylsulfanyl and alkylsulfonyl side chains are demonstrated to be a useful synthetic strategy for tuning the electronic properties of organic semiconductors, as shown in thienothiophene vinylene polymers. By changing the oxidation state of sulfanyl to sulfonyl, we lower the HOMO and LUMO energy levels of our substituted polymers, as well as enhance their fluorescence. Fine-tuning of the energy levels was achieved by combining sulfanyl and sulfonyl substituted thienothiophene monomers through random polymerization, yielding polymers with low-band gaps (1.5 eV) yet benefiting from a structurally uniform conjugated backbone. The effects of these functional side chains are presented through DFT calculations, UV–vis, fluorescence, and electrochemical measurements, as well as crystallographic analysis of a sulfanyl-substituted oligomer. The semiconducting properties of the new polymers are studied in OFET and OPV devices

Tuning the Electronic Properties of Poly(thienothiophene vinylene)s via Alkylsulfanyl and Alkylsulfonyl Substituents

The use of alkylsulfanyl and alkylsulfonyl side chains are demonstrated to be a useful synthetic strategy for tuning the electronic properties of organic semiconductors, as shown in thienothiophene vinylene polymers. By changing the oxidation state of sulfanyl to sulfonyl, we lower the HOMO and LUMO energy levels of our substituted polymers, as well as enhance their fluorescence. Fine-tuning of the energy levels was achieved by combining sulfanyl and sulfonyl substituted thienothiophene monomers through random polymerization, yielding polymers with low-band gaps (1.5 eV) yet benefiting from a structurally uniform conjugated backbone. The effects of these functional side chains are presented through DFT calculations, UV–vis, fluorescence, and electrochemical measurements, as well as crystallographic analysis of a sulfanyl-substituted oligomer. The semiconducting properties of the new polymers are studied in OFET and OPV devices

Na Wu-corvis primary data

Na Wu-corvis primary dat