Performance of resistant varieties (PIWI) at two different altitudes in Southern Brazil

In southern Brazil there is a predominance of labrusca and hybrid varieties for wine and juice production due to climatic conditions of high rainfall, temperature and relative humidity. Growing varieties that combine disease resistance and wine quality (PIWI) can be an alternative to improve wine quality. The objective of this work was to evaluate the performance of three PIWI varieties (Felicia, Calardis Blanc and Aromera) in two regions (Videira, 27∘01′S and 51∘08′W, altitude 830 m; and São Joaquim, 28∘13′S and 50∘04′W, altitude 1100 m) in the vintage 2018. The date of occurrence of main phenological stages, productiveindexes, clusters characteristics and grape qualitative indexes was evaluated. There was no difference for budbreak date, but flowering, veraison an maturity time varied between regions. The development of plants is slower when they are cultivated at a higher altitude. The number of clusters per plant and yield were higher at 830 m for all varieties. For productive indexes Felicia and Calardis Blanc varieties stood out in relation to Aromera in all parameters. Among the evaluated varieties, Felicia and Calardis Blanc were better adapted to the lower altitude region and had higher productivity and the same grape quality. On the other hand, Aromera presented higher productivity at 830 m but higher soluble solids content at 1100 m

Emergent Ascomycetes in viticulture: an interdisciplinary overview

The reduction of pesticide usage is a current imperative and the implementation of sustainable viticulture is an urgent necessity. A potential solution, which is being increasingly adopted, is offered by the use of grapevine cultivars resistant to its main pathogenic threats. This, however, has contributed to changes in defense strategies resulting in the occurrence of secondary diseases, which were previously controlled. Concomitantly, the ongoing climate crisis is contributing to destabilizing the increasingly dynamic viticultural context. In this review, we explore the available knowledge on three Ascomycetes which are considered emergent and causal agents of powdery mildew, black rot and anthracnose. We also aim to provide a survey on methods for phenotyping disease symptoms in fields, greenhouse and lab conditions, and for disease control underlying the insurgence of pathogen resistance to fungicide. Thus, we discuss fungal genetic variability, highlighting the usage and development of molecular markers and barcoding, coupled with genome sequencing. Moreover, we extensively report on the current knowledge available on grapevine-ascomycete interactions, as well as the mechanisms developed by the host to counteract the attack. Indeed, to better understand these resistance mechanisms, it is relevant to identify pathogen effectors which are involved in the infection process and how grapevine resistance genes function and impact the downstream cascade. Dealing with such a wealth of information on both pathogens and the host, the horizon is now represented by multidisciplinary approaches, combining traditional and innovative methods of cultivation. This will support the translation from theory to practice, in an attempt to understand biology very deeply and manage the spread of these Ascomycete

Plastochron index of five genotypes disease resistant (PIWI) growth in the Goethe Grape Valley, South Brazil

The plastochron index (PI) is calculated based on the thermal requirements of a plant for the emission of a new node, and consequently to the emission of new leaves, considered as the photosynthetic unit. This information is important in order to model the development of new genotypes in climates where their cultivation is possible. In the present study, we evaluated the PI of 5 downy mildew resistant PIWI genotypes grown in the Goethe Grape Valley (GGV), Santa Catarina State, South Brazil. The experiment was conducted in an experimental vineyard in the GGV (28° 32'S, 49° 19'W, altitude 80 m asl), in the 2017 vintage. The evaluated genotypes were Gf. 2004-043-0024 and Gf. 2004-043-0015, in addition to the Calardis blanc, Bronner and Regent varieties. Evaluations were performed from bud break to veraison. The daily thermal sum (dTS, °C day) was calculated using the lower, optimum and upper base cardinal temperatures respectively of 10, 25 and 35 °C, the dTS was used to obtain the accumulated thermal sum (aTS, °C day). The PI was estimated based on the inverse of the angular coefficient of the linear regression between the number of nodes per cane and aTS. The genotypes studied presented, on average, the PI of 58.8 °C day. Regent variety showed the lower thermal requirement (39.5 °C day) while Bronner presented the highest requirement (73.5 °C day). Calardis banc presented PI of 62.5 °C day and Gf 2004-043-0024 and Gf. 2004-043-0015 genotypes presented PI respectively of 63.6 and 58.1 °C day. The genotypes tested presented different levels of thermal demand, possibly presenting better ecophysiological adaptability in different climatic regions. These results are important for the development of similar studies involving the climatological modeling of these genotypes

Performance of resistant varieties (PIWI) at two different altitudes in Southern Brazil

In southern Brazil there is a predominance of labrusca and hybrid varieties for wine and juice production due to climatic conditions of high rainfall, temperature and relative humidity. Growing varieties that combine disease resistance and wine quality (PIWI) can be an alternative to improve wine quality. The objective of this work was to evaluate the performance of three PIWI varieties (Felicia, Calardis Blanc and Aromera) in two regions (Videira, 27∘01′S and 51∘08′W, altitude 830 m; and São Joaquim, 28∘13′S and 50∘04′W, altitude 1100 m) in the vintage 2018. The date of occurrence of main phenological stages, productiveindexes, clusters characteristics and grape qualitative indexes was evaluated. There was no difference for budbreak date, but flowering, veraison an maturity time varied between regions. The development of plants is slower when they are cultivated at a higher altitude. The number of clusters per plant and yield were higher at 830 m for all varieties. For productive indexes Felicia and Calardis Blanc varieties stood out in relation to Aromera in all parameters. Among the evaluated varieties, Felicia and Calardis Blanc were better adapted to the lower altitude region and had higher productivity and the same grape quality. On the other hand, Aromera presented higher productivity at 830 m but higher soluble solids content at 1100 m

Evaluation of resistant cultivars’ (PIWI) behaviour in the central plateau of Santa Catarina, Brazil

La regione meridionale del Brasile presenta un alto potenziale per la produzione di uva. Negli ultimi due decenni, nelle regioni con più di 900 m di altitudine nello stato di Santa Catarina, in Brasile, la produzione di uve europee (Vitis vinífera L.) è stata evidenziato, soprattutto per la produzione di vini di alta qualità. Tuttavia, la produzione è stata problematica a causa del alti tassi di precipitazione, che aumentano la pressione delle malattie fungine, come la peronospora (Plasmopora viticola). Basato su questo, le cultivar PIWI, che combina resistenza alle malattie, tra cui muffe e qualità del vino, sono promettenti alternativa a coltivare. Inoltre, a Santa Catarina, le regioni di altitudine non tradizionali hanno condizioni climatiche adeguate la produzione di vini pregiati. Per realizzare questa ricerca, è stato sviluppato un progetto in collaborazione con la ricerca agricola di Rural Extension di Santa Catarina (Brasile), l'Università Federale di Santa Catarina (Brasile), l'Istituto Julius Kühn (Germania) e la Fondazione Edmund Mach (Italia). Questo lavoro mirava a valutare le prestazioni di tre cultivar PIWI (V. vinifera) nell'altopiano centrale di Santa Catarina, in Brasile. Il cvs. "Felicia", "Calardis Blanc" e "Regent" sono stati valutati il ciclo del 2017/2018. Il vigneto è stato istituito nel 2015, nella Experimental Station di UFSC, Campus of Curitibanos, coordinate di 27 ° 16'25 "S e 50 ° 30'11" O e altitudine di 1000 m. Le piante sono state condotte in un sistema a traliccio verticale di 3.0 x 1,2 m, in blocchi completamente randomizzati disegno sperimentale, replicato quattro volte consisteva di dieci piante Il principale fasi fenologiche (germogliamento, piena fioritura, véraison e maturità), richiesta termica richiesta, evoluzione della maturazione e la produttività, sono stati caratterizzati. La fenologia è stata accompagnata utilizzando la scala fenologica descritta da Eichhorn & Lorenz. La somma termica è stata determinata utilizzando l'indice Winkler. I dati giornalieri di temperatura sono stati ottenuti da stazione meteorologica installata vicino al vigneto. L'evoluzione della maturazione è stata osservata dall'inizio del maturazione alla raccolta. Ogni settimana, 30 bacche di ogni cvs. sono stati raccolti, con quattro repliche, per l'estrazione del mosto e determinazione del contenuto di solidi totali solidi (TSS) in ° Brix e acidità totale titolabile (TTA) in meq.L-1. Il la produttività è stata determinata dalla raccolta di tutti i cluster di cinque piante per blocchi e del calcolo della media per pianta (kg.impianto-1) e per ettaro (kg ha-1). La durata media del ciclo era di 143, 146 e 147 giorni; la richiesta termica di 1.228,5, 1.260,9 e 1.269,2 gradi giorno e la produttività di 3.040,0, 7.808,0 e 1.892,6 kg.ha-1, per cvs. ‘Felicia’, 'Calardis Blanc' e 'Regent', rispettivamente. Tutti i CV. ha mostrato i primi germogli, a partire dal 12 e 15 settembre, e il raccolto, il 1 °, 7 e 8 febbraio 2018, per cvs. "Felicia", "Calardis Blanc" e "Regent" rispettivamente. Nel raccolto, il I valori TSS erano 19.2, 17.9 e 21.0 ° Brix e per TTA erano 110, 107 e 112 meq.L-1, rispettivamente per cvs. 'Felicia', 'CalardisBlanc' e 'Regent'. Questo studio dimostra che la somma termica accumulata in Curitibanos è sufficiente per i cvs. per completare il loro ciclo e raggiungere la piena maturazione. Tuttavia, il germogliamento relativamente recente delle cvs. È un fattore di rischio, una volta che può provocare perdite causate da gelate tardive. In termini di produttività, "Calardis Blanc" si è distinto verso gli altri cv. Per il secondo anno di produzione, tutti i cvs. presentato potenziale produttivo. Infine, questa ricerca ha dimostrato che le tre cv. analizzato ha mostrato potencial prominente per la viticoltura nelle condizioni climatiche dell'altopiano centrale di Santa Catarina, in Brasile per il produzione di vini pregiatiThe Southern region of Brazil presents a high potential for grape production. In the past two decades, in regions with more than 900 m of altitude on the state of Santa Catarina, Brazil, the production of European grapes (Vitis vinífera L.) has been highlighted, especially for the production of hight quality wines. However, the production has been problematic due to the high precipitation rates, which increase the pressure of fungal diseases, such as downy mildew (Plasmopora viticola). Based on that, PIWI cultivars, which combines resistance to diseases, including mildews, and quality of wine, are a promising alternative to cultivate. In addition, in Santa Catarina, non-traditional altitude regions have climatic conditions suitable for the production of fine wines. To carry out this research, a project was developed in association with the Agricultural Research of Rural Extension of Santa Catarina (Brazil), the Federal University of Santa Catarina (Brazil), the Julius Kühn Institute (Germany) and the Edmund Mach Foundation (Italy). This work aimed to evaluate the performance of three PIWI cultivars (V. vinifera) in the Central Plateau of Santa Catarina, Brazil. The cvs. ‘Felicia’, ‘Calardis Blanc’, and ‘Regent’, were evaluated in the cycle of 2017/2018. The vineyard was stablished in 2015, in the Experimental Station of UFSC, Campus of Curitibanos, coordinates of 27°16'25"S and 50°30'11"W and altitude of 1000 m. The plants were conducted in vertical trellis system of 3.0 x 1.2 m, in completely randomized blocks experimental design, replicated four times consisted of ten plants The main pheenological stages (budding, full bloom, véraison and maturity), the thermal demand required, the evolution of maturation and productivity, were characterized. The phenology was accompanied using the phenological scale described by Eichhorn & Lorenz. The thermal sum was determined using the Winkler index. The daily data of temperature were obtained from meteorological station installed next to the vineyard. The maturation evolution was observed from the beginning of the maturation to the harvest. Each week, 30 berries of each cvs. were collected, with four replicates, for the extraction of the wort and determination of total soluble solids (TSS) content in °Brix, and total titratable acidity (TTA) in meq.L-1. The productivity was determined by collected of all the clusters of five plants per blocks and calculating the mean per plant (kg.plant-1) and per hectare (kg. ha-1). The average duration of the cycle was 143, 146 and 147 days; the thermal demand of 1.228,5, 1.260,9 and 1.269,2 degree-days and the productivity of 3.040,0, 7.808,0 and 1.892,6 kg.ha-1, for cvs. ‘Felicia’, ‘Calardis Blanc’ and ‘Regent’, respectively. All cvs. showed early budding, starting on september 12th and 15th, and the harvest, on february 1st, 7th and 8th of 2018, for cvs. ‘Felicia’, ‘Calardis Blanc’ and ‘Regent’ respectively. In the harvest, the TSS values were 19.2, 17.9 and 21,0 °Brix, and for TTA were 110, 107 and 112 meq.L-1, respectively for cvs. ‘Felicia’, ‘CalardisBlanc’ and ‘Regent’. This study proves that the accumulated thermal sum in Curitibanos is sufficient for cvs. to complete their cycle and achieve full maturation. Nevertheless, the relatively early budding of cvs. It is a risk factor, once it can result in losses caused by late frosts. In terms of productivity, ‘Calardis Blanc’ stood out towards the other cvs. For the second year of production, all cvs. presented productive potential. Finally, this research demonstrated that the three cvs. analyzed showed prominent potencial for the viticulture in the climatic conditions of the Central Plateau of Santa Catarina, Brazil for the production of fine wines

Performance of resistant varieties (PIWI) at two different altitudes in Southern Brazil

Nel sud del Brasile vi è una predominanza di varietà labrusca e ibride per la produzione di vino e succhi a causa delle condizioni climatiche di elevata piovosità, temperatura e umidità relativa. Le varietà in crescita che combinano la resistenza alle malattie e la qualità del vino (PIWI) possono essere un'alternativa per migliorare la qualità del vino. L'obiettivo di questo lavoro era valutare le prestazioni di tre varietà PIWI (Felicia, Calardis Blanc e Aromera) in due regioni (Videira, 27 ° 01'S e 51 ° 08'W, altitudine 830 m, e São Joaquim, 28 ° 13'S e 50 ° 04'O, altitudine 1100m) nell'annata 2018. È stata valutata la data di occorrenza delle principali fasi fenologiche, degli indici produttivi, delle caratteristiche dei cluster e degli indici qualitativi delle uve. Non c'era differenza per la data del budbreak, ma la fioritura, l'invaiatura e il tempo di maturazione variavano tra le regioni. Lo sviluppo delle piante è più lento quando vengono coltivate a un'altitudine più elevata. Il numero di cluster per pianta e resa era superiore a 830 m per tutte le varietà. Per gli indici produttivi, le varietà Felicia e Calardis Blanc si sono distinte in relazione a Aromera in tutti i parametri. Tra le varietà valutate, Felicia e Calardis Blanc si sono adattate meglio alla regione di bassa quota e hanno avuto una maggiore produttività e la stessa qualità dell'uva. D'altra parte, Aromera ha presentato una maggiore produttività a 830 m, ma un contenuto di solidi più alto solubile a 1100 m.In southern Brazil there is a predominance of labrusca and hybrid varieties for wine and juice production due to climatic conditions of high rainfall, temperature and relative humidity. Growing varieties that combine disease resistance and wine quality (PIWI) can be an alternative to improve wine quality. The objective of this work was to evaluate the performance of three PIWI varieties (Felicia, Calardis Blanc and Aromera) in two regions (Videira, 27°01'S and 51°08'W, altitude 830m; and São Joaquim, 28°13'S and 50°04'W, altitude 1100m) in the vintage 2018. The date of occurrence of main phenological stages, productiveindexes, clusters characteristics and grape qualitative indexes was evaluated. There was no difference for budbreak date, but flowering, veraison an maturity time varied between regions. The development of plants is slower when they are cultivated at a higher altitude. The number of clusters per plant and yield were higher at 830 m for all varieties. For productive indexes Felicia and Calardis Blanc varieties stood out in relation to Aromera in all parameters. Among the evaluated varieties, Felicia and Calardis Blanc were better adapted to the lower altitude region and had higher productivity and the same grape quality. On the other hand, Aromera presented higher productivity at 830m but higher soluble solids content at 1100m

Chondrogenic Differentiation of Mesenchymal Stem Cells: Challenges and Unfulfilled Expectations

Articular cartilage repair and regeneration provides a substantial challenge in Regenerative Medicine because of the high degree of morphological and mechanical complexity intrinsic to hyaline cartilage due, in part, to its extracellular matrix. Cartilage remains one of the most difficult tissues to heal; even state-of-the-art regenerative medicine technology cannot yet provide authentic cartilage resurfacing. Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) were once believed to be the panacea for cartilage repair and regeneration, but despite years of research, they have not fulfilled these expectations. It has been observed that MSCs have an intrinsic differentiation program reminiscent of endochondral bone formation, which they follow after exposure to specific reagents as a part of current differentiation protocols. Efforts have been made to avoid the resulting hypertrophic fate of MSCs; however, so far, none of these has recreated a fully functional articular hyaline cartilage without chondrocytes exhibiting a hypertrophic phenotype. We reviewed the current literature in an attempt to understand why MSCs have failed to regenerate articular cartilage. The challenges that must be overcome before MSC-based tissue engineering can become a front-line technology for successful articular cartilage regeneration are highlighted