Notes on the paleontology of the Garrison formation of Kansas

Thesis (M.A.)--University of Kansas, Geology, 1929

The demand side of farmers\u27 markets in Kitchener-Waterloo: An examination of the Waterloo, St. Jacobs and Kitchener farmers\u27 markets (Ontario)

Farmers\u27 markets have traditionally been outlets for a variety of everyday food items, many sold by local farmers. Today, many markets have changed from their original function, and now offer a variety of goods to a wider variety of people both demographically and geographically. In the Kitchener-Waterloo area, three farmers’ markets exist, the Kitchener Farmers’ Market, the Waterloo County Farmers’ Market and the St. Jacobs\u27 Farmers Market. These markets, identified as recognisable farmers’ markets (Tunbridge 1992), differ from other market typologies including traditional markets, public markets and festival market places. Though broad in nature, farmers’ markets can be broken down into further groupings based on social-economic indicators as exemplified by the market patrons. This thesis examines market differences using a customer survey administered at these three markets in November 1993. From this investigation the following market characteristics were found. The Kitchener Farmers’ Market has evolved from a traditional public market to a redeveloped, regular downtown farmers’ market, attracting a primarily localized customer base who patronize the market as part of a regular shopping trip. The Waterloo Farmers’ Market, a contemporary, urban fringe farmers’ market, serves a similar function to the Kitchener Market but draws a regular customer base from Waterloo and the surrounding rural areas. Lastly the St. Jacobs’ Farmers’ Market, a day-trip recreational market, attracts a customer base from a wide area, offering goods of both a farmer and flea market nature, including a weekly livestock auction. The typicality of these inter-market differences are vis-a-vis other market locations

The demand side of farmers\u27 markets in Kitchener-Waterloo: An examination of the Waterloo, St. Jacobs and Kitchener farmers\u27 markets (Ontario)

Farmers\u27 markets have traditionally been outlets for a variety of everyday food items, many sold by local farmers. Today, many markets have changed from their original function, and now offer a variety of goods to a wider variety of people both demographically and geographically. In the Kitchener-Waterloo area, three farmers’ markets exist, the Kitchener Farmers’ Market, the Waterloo County Farmers’ Market and the St. Jacobs\u27 Farmers Market. These markets, identified as recognisable farmers’ markets (Tunbridge 1992), differ from other market typologies including traditional markets, public markets and festival market places. Though broad in nature, farmers’ markets can be broken down into further groupings based on social-economic indicators as exemplified by the market patrons. This thesis examines market differences using a customer survey administered at these three markets in November 1993. From this investigation the following market characteristics were found. The Kitchener Farmers’ Market has evolved from a traditional public market to a redeveloped, regular downtown farmers’ market, attracting a primarily localized customer base who patronize the market as part of a regular shopping trip. The Waterloo Farmers’ Market, a contemporary, urban fringe farmers’ market, serves a similar function to the Kitchener Market but draws a regular customer base from Waterloo and the surrounding rural areas. Lastly the St. Jacobs’ Farmers’ Market, a day-trip recreational market, attracts a customer base from a wide area, offering goods of both a farmer and flea market nature, including a weekly livestock auction. The typicality of these inter-market differences are vis-a-vis other market locations

Assessing the Credibility of Cyber Adversaries

Online communications are ever increasing, and we are constantly faced with the challenge of whether online information is credible or not. Being able to assess the credibility of others was once the work solely of intelligence agencies. In the current times of disinformation and misinformation, understanding what we are reading and to who we are paying attention to is essential for us to make considered, informed, and accurate decisions, and it has become everyone’s business. This paper employs a literature review to examine the empirical evidence across online credibility, trust, deception, and fraud detection in an effort to consolidate this information to understand adversary online credibility – how do we know with whom we are conversing is who they say they are? Based on this review, we propose a model that includes examining information as well as user and interaction characteristics to best inform an assessment of online credibility. Limitations and future opportunities are highlighted

Rumble Stripes and Pavement Marking Delineation

Pavement markings serve an important role on the highway and must be visible in day, night, and wet conditions. Pavement markings placed in grooved pavement are receiving considerable interest due to their potential for greater durability by providing protection from plow blades used during winter maintenance. Raised pavement markers (RPMs) are also used for roadway delineation, and the failure rate of RPMs in and in between rumble depressions is also of interest. This study evaluated white edge lines and yellow edge lines on roads in Indiana and other northern states, as well as RPMs in and in between rumble depressions. Data for pavement markings was collected by use of a hand-operated retroreflectometer as well as a mobile retroreflectometer, while RPM data collection consisted of documenting the total number of RPMs, number of missing reflectors, and castings. Results showed that for both white and yellow edge lines, grooved preformed tape has the highest durability for greater than ten winter seasons, and grooved thermoplastic could last five winter seasons. Grooved multi-component may last three or four winter seasons while non-grooved paint will last one or perhaps two winter seasons. RPMs in rumble stripes have a higher failure rate than RPMs installed between rumble stripes. Based upon data collected during this project, grooved thermoplastic and multi-component have the lowest lifetime costs for durable markings, and additional performance data should be collected to determine if either has a distinct economic advantage. It is also recommended that RPM installation in rumble depressions be further evaluated

Assessment of Alternative Sinusoidal Rumble Stripe Construction

Studies have shown that rumble strips installed on a roadway significantly reduce the number of accidents caused by lane departures. However, when a vehicle engages the strips, a loud exterior noise is generated in addition to the alerting in-cabin noise. The extraneous exterior noise can travel at least several hundred feet at a volume which is considered a nuisance by nearby residents. In the recent years, a new rumble strip design in the form of a sine wave has been reported to produce low exterior noise, while still providing adequate warnings for drivers. This study evaluated three sinusoidal rumble strips of different wavelengths—12, 18, and 24 inch. The rumble strips were quantitatively compared by measuring the noise inside and outside of the vehicle as well as the vibration of the front seat frame. Results showed that the sound responses varied across the vehicles. From the exterior, all three sinusoidal rumble strips were quieter than the traditional rumble strips, with a reduction in sound power by 5 to 11 dBA. Interior cabin sound level was similar to standard rumble strips, with some cases increasing between 2 and 9 dBA. The retro reflectivity tests also exceed the minimum threshold set by INDOT specifications. Sinusoidal rumbles strips are a promising technology that is well suited for lane departure warning in residential areas. The results from this study suggest that the 12 in wavelength has a desirable decrease in exterior noise while still maintaining adequate lane departure warning to the driver