The Experimental Psychology of the Preschool Child

Since the establishment of the first preschool psychological laboratory in 1921, the Iowa Child Welfare Research Station has been conducting, as one part of the program in the mental development of young children, a series of experiments that have been repeated, extended and amplified from year to year. These experiments have been planned to afford detailed analyses of performance and the evaluation of psychological processes rather than test standards or the clinical diagnosis of a particular child

Speech Sounds of Preschool Children

Beginning in 1924 and extending over a period of four years the Iowa Child Welfare Research Station, in cooperation with the Department of Speech of the University of Iowa, has been studying the development of preschool children in the ability to produce correctly the consonant elements, consonant blends, vowels and diphthongs of the English language. The project has involved the cooperation of a number of individuals from both departments

Parental attitudes toward women's roles and daughters' sex role development

The present study compared the sex role learning of preschool girls from families with "traditional" and "nontraditional" (egalitarian) attitudes toward women's roles on measures of sex role knowledge and preference. Forty-eight four and five year old girls from intact, middle class families served as subjects. Their parents' attitudes toward women's roles were determined by scores on the FEM Scale. Twenty-five sets of parents with scores below the sample median were designated traditional and 23 sets of parents with scores above the sample median were designated nontraditional. Families with divergent views were excluded. The Sex Role Learning Index (SERLI) and Sex Stereotype Measure II (SSM II) were used to assess four aspects of daughters' sex role learning: 1) discrimination of objects appropriate for each sex; 2) discrimination of behavioral traits exhibited by each sex; 3) preference for stereotypic feminine and masculine children's activities; and 4) preference for stereotypic feminine and masculine adult activities. Results indicated that girls frog nontraditional families displayed significantly less stereotypic discrimination of objects than girls from traditional families. Girls from nontraditional families were more likely to perceive males as exhibiting stereotypic traits than girls from traditional families. No significant differences were found between the groups on measures of child and adult activity preference. Findings suggest that parents may have a more direct influence on daughters' sex role knowledge than on their activity preference

A Fred Friendly Roundtable

Taking a different approach from the other panels in the Court of Public Opinion Conference, participants in the roundtable role-played their way through a hypothetical (though familiar-sounding) legal issue involving alleged sexual assault by a student athlete, sensitive issues of race and class, and high profile media attention. Moderator Jack Ford, a TV news veteran, assigns roles including defense attorney, District Attorney, reporter, and Chancellor to a large panel, and asks them to examine their various obligations and choices when faced with the unfolding controversy. Questions/themes/discussion topics When and how should university officials publicly address criminal investigations involving students? Do in-house investigations by universities of alleged criminal acts by students affect those students\u27 constitutional rights? How should university officials balance the rights of accused students with the safety of the rest of the student body? Television news\u27s reliance on personality over expertise Public statements by prosecutors and defense counse

Elevated protein concentrations in newborn blood and the risks of autism spectrum disorder, and of social impairment, at age 10 years among infants born before the 28th week of gestation

Among the 1 of 10 children who are born preterm annually in the United States, 6% are born before the third trimester. Among children who survive birth before the 28th week of gestation, the risks of autism spectrum disorder (ASD) and non-autistic social impairment are severalfold higher than in the general population. We examined the relationship between top quartile inflammation-related protein concentrations among children born extremely preterm and ASD or, separately, a high score on the Social Responsiveness Scale (SRS total score ≥65) among those who did not meet ASD criteria, using information only from the subset of children whose DAS-II verbal or non-verbal IQ was ≥70, who were assessed for ASD, and who had proteins measured in blood collected on ≥2 days (N = 763). ASD (N = 36) assessed at age 10 years is associated with recurrent top quartile concentrations of inflammation-related proteins during the first post-natal month (e.g., SAA odds ratio (OR); 95% confidence interval (CI): 2.5; 1.2–5.3) and IL-6 (OR; 95% CI: 2.6; 1.03–6.4)). Top quartile concentrations of neurotrophic proteins appear to moderate the increased risk of ASD associated with repeated top quartile concentrations of inflammation-related proteins. High (top quartile) concentrations of SAA are associated with elevated risk of ASD (2.8; 1.2–6.7) when Ang-1 concentrations are below the top quartile, but not when Ang-1 concentrations are high (1.3; 0.3–5.8). Similarly, high concentrations of TNF-α are associated with heightened risk of SRS-defined social impairment (N = 130) (2.0; 1.1–3.8) when ANG-1 concentrations are not high, but not when ANG-1 concentrations are elevated (0.5; 0.1–4.2)

Attitudes of Michigan Female College Students about Pharmacists Prescribing Birth Control in a Community Pharmacy

In the United States, the overall unintended pregnancy rate is about 45%. Women between 20–24 years old account for 59% of the unintended pregnancies. Continuous birth control use is related to decreasing unintended pregnancies. Therefore, we assessed female college students’ opinions about pharmacists prescribing birth control in a community pharmacy using an intersectionality framework. A survey with 49 items about provider attributes, pharmacy services use and evaluation, advantages and barriers of pharmacists prescribing birth control, sexual and reproductive history, and demographics was distributed by survey link and QR code. Recruitment was done by investigators and students (snowballing technique) via emails, social media posts, and direct student contact. Respondents (n = 859) were 23.0 ± 4.9 years old, 83% white, 64% healthcare students, 32% student pharmacists, 69% sexually active, 68% with at least one episode of unprotected intercourse within a year, and 29% never using condoms. Forty-six percent of students were extremely likely and 26% moderately likely to get birth control from a pharmacist because it would be easier to adhere to birth control, could prevent unintended pregnancies, would be more convenient, and require less time. Concerns included the lack of Pap screenings and prescriptions written for the wrong birth control. Within most student characteristics or attitudes assessed, at least 70% of the students would use this service. Based on student opinions, female college students would use pharmacists prescribing birth control services