7 research outputs found
The compositional homogeneity of potash lime silica glasses in northern Europe from 12th-17th centuries.
This research investigates the compositional homogeneity of potash-limesilica
glasses from the 12th-17th centuries in Northern Europe, and the significance of
this with respect to compositional studies of archaeological glasses. The variables in
the glass making process that influence the formation of a homogeneous glass are
discussed, and investigated using laboratory replication of beech and bracken ash
glasses. The experimental results are compared to archaeological material from glass
production sites at Blunden's Wood, Knightons, Sidney Wood, and Little Birches in
England, and Hils in Germany.
Backscattered scanning electron microscope (SEM) imaging is used to
qualify the extent of inhomogeneity in both the experimental and archaeological
samples. It is confirmed that visually homogeneous glasses can contain
inhomogeneities that are only visible under backscattered SEM imaging. It is seen
that the size and orientation of inhomogeneities is varied, and specific glass artefact
types (such as crucible and waste glass) are more prone to inhomogeneity than fully
formed glass (such as window and vessel glass). Electron microprobe analysis
(EPMA) is used to quantify the extent of elemental variations present in the
inhomogeneous archaeological glasses. The results show that a number of elements
are significantly influenced by inhomogeneity, including those (such as calcium,
magnesium and sodium) which are commonly used to form compositional groupings
of medieval glass.
It is concluded that although a number of variables in the glass making
process influence the formation of a homogeneous glass, specific variables, such as
increased furnace temperature and a high alkali concentration in the ash, appear to be
the dominating factors. The presence of large elemental variations in a number of
the archaeological glasses analysed confirms that inhomogeneity is a vital
consideration in compositional studies of this material, and that particular care must
be exercised when using analytical techniques that require only a small sample size
Pacific Islands endangered cultural heritage survey: documenting cultural heritage in Niue and the Cook Islands. Niue 2023 pilot study.
Pacific Islands endangered cultural heritage survey: documenting cultural heritage in Niue and the Cook Islands. Atiu and Rarotonga Pilot Study May-June 2023
Los talleres artesanales de la Alhambra. Espacios y materiales
The aim of this publication is to present the preliminary results of the analysis of the medieval and modern pottery from
El Secano in the Alhambra of Granada. Specifically, the pottery found during the excavations undertaken by โThe
Alhambra Royal Workshops projectโsโ team
Safety, immunogenicity, and reactogenicity of BNT162b2 and mRNA-1273 COVID-19 vaccines given as fourth-dose boosters following two doses of ChAdOx1 nCoV-19 or BNT162b2 and a third dose of BNT162b2 (COV-BOOST): a multicentre, blinded, phase 2, randomised trial
Safety, immunogenicity, and reactogenicity of BNT162b2 and mRNA-1273 COVID-19 vaccines given as fourth-dose boosters following two doses of ChAdOx1 nCoV-19 or BNT162b2 and a third dose of BNT162b2 (COV-BOOST): a multicentre, blinded, phase 2, randomised trial
Background Some high-income countries have deployed fourth doses of COVID-19 vaccines, but the clinical need, effectiveness, timing, and dose of a fourth dose remain uncertain. We aimed to investigate the safety, reactogenicity, and immunogenicity of fourth-dose boosters against COVID-19.Methods The COV-BOOST trial is a multicentre, blinded, phase 2, randomised controlled trial of seven COVID-19 vaccines given as third-dose boosters at 18 sites in the UK. This sub-study enrolled participants who had received BNT162b2 (Pfizer-BioNTech) as their third dose in COV-BOOST and randomly assigned them (1:1) to receive a fourth dose of either BNT162b2 (30 ยตg in 0ยท30 mL; full dose) or mRNA-1273 (Moderna; 50 ยตg in 0ยท25 mL; half dose) via intramuscular injection into the upper arm. The computer-generated randomisation list was created by the study statisticians with random block sizes of two or four. Participants and all study staff not delivering the vaccines were masked to treatment allocation. The coprimary outcomes were safety and reactogenicity, and immunogenicity (antispike protein IgG titres by ELISA and cellular immune response by ELISpot). We compared immunogenicity at 28 days after the third dose versus 14 days after the fourth dose and at day 0 versus day 14 relative to the fourth dose. Safety and reactogenicity were assessed in the per-protocol population, which comprised all participants who received a fourth-dose booster regardless of their SARS-CoV-2 serostatus. Immunogenicity was primarily analysed in a modified intention-to-treat population comprising seronegative participants who had received a fourth-dose booster and had available endpoint data. This trial is registered with ISRCTN, 73765130, and is ongoing.Findings Between Jan 11 and Jan 25, 2022, 166 participants were screened, randomly assigned, and received either full-dose BNT162b2 (n=83) or half-dose mRNA-1273 (n=83) as a fourth dose. The median age of these participants was 70ยท1 years (IQR 51ยท6โ77ยท5) and 86 (52%) of 166 participants were female and 80 (48%) were male. The median interval between the third and fourth doses was 208ยท5 days (IQR 203ยท3โ214ยท8). Pain was the most common local solicited adverse event and fatigue was the most common systemic solicited adverse event after BNT162b2 or mRNA-1273 booster doses. None of three serious adverse events reported after a fourth dose with BNT162b2 were related to the study vaccine. In the BNT162b2 group, geometric mean anti-spike protein IgG concentration at day 28 after the third dose was 23 325 ELISA laboratory units (ELU)/mL (95% CI 20 030โ27 162), which increased to 37 460 ELU/mL (31 996โ43 857) at day 14 after the fourth dose, representing a significant fold change (geometric mean 1ยท59, 95% CI 1ยท41โ1ยท78). There was a significant increase in geometric mean anti-spike protein IgG concentration from 28 days after the third dose (25 317 ELU/mL, 95% CI 20 996โ30 528) to 14 days after a fourth dose of mRNA-1273 (54 936 ELU/mL, 46 826โ64 452), with a geometric mean fold change of 2ยท19 (1ยท90โ2ยท52). The fold changes in anti-spike protein IgG titres from before (day 0) to after (day 14) the fourth dose were 12ยท19 (95% CI 10ยท37โ14ยท32) and 15ยท90 (12ยท92โ19ยท58) in the BNT162b2 and mRNA-1273 groups, respectively. T-cell responses were also boosted after the fourth dose (eg, the fold changes for the wild-type variant from before to after the fourth dose were 7ยท32 [95% CI 3ยท24โ16ยท54] in the BNT162b2 group and 6ยท22 [3ยท90โ9ยท92] in the mRNA-1273 group).Interpretation Fourth-dose COVID-19 mRNA booster vaccines are well tolerated and boost cellular and humoral immunity. Peak responses after the fourth dose were similar to, and possibly better than, peak responses after the third dose
The emergence of features in visual stimuli
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