Gremlin-2 is a BMP antagonist that is regulated by the circadian clock

Tendons are prominent members of the family of fibrous connective tissues (FCTs), which collectively are the most abundant tissues in vertebrates and have crucial roles in transmitting mechanical force and linking organs. Tendon diseases are among the most common arthropathy disorders; thus knowledge of tendon gene regulation is essential for a complete understanding of FCT biology. Here we show autonomous circadian rhythms in mouse tendon and primary human tenocytes, controlled by an intrinsic molecular circadian clock. Time-series microarrays identified the first circadian transcriptome of murine tendon, revealing that 4.6% of the transcripts (745 genes) are expressed in a circadian manner. One of these genes was Grem2, which oscillated in antiphase to BMP signaling. Moreover, recombinant human Gremlin-2 blocked BMP2-induced phosphorylation of Smad1/5 and osteogenic differentiation of human tenocytes in vitro.We observed dampened Grem2 expression, deregulated BMP signaling, and spontaneously calcifying tendons in young CLOCKD19 arrhythmic mice and aged wild-type mice. Thus, disruption of circadian control, through mutations or aging, of Grem2/BMP signaling becomes a new focus for the study of calcific tendinopathy, which affects 1-in-5 people over the age of 50 years

Pretoriana, no. 084, July 1983

Issue dedicated to the memory of Willem Henry Jacobus Punt, founder of the Association Old Pretoria."Uitgawe Dr. Willem Punt

Pretoriana, no. 032 & 033, April-Aug. 1960

Ons vier = We rejoice / G.W. Eybers -- 'n Leemte in die geskiedskrywer se benadering van ons geskiedenis = A defect in the historians approach to our history / J.C. Otto -- Woord van waardering aan Dr. Spies / W. Punt -- How Pretoria became seat of Government of the South African Republic in 1860 and administrative capital of the Union of South Africa in 1910 / J.D. Bodel -- Die stigting van Pretoria en die voorsiening van gewone en godsdiensonderwys tot 1 November 1859 -- Pretoria's first government school / J. Ploeger -- When the wild cat was hunted on Church Square / W.J. de Kock -- Die munisipale bestuursreëlings van Pretoria voor 1877 / J.J.N. Cloete -- Die aandeel van Willem Skinner in die ontwikkeling van Pretoria / S.G. Roos -- Charles John Beanes / R.E. Kuiper -- Church Square / C.J. Beanes -- Burgerspark / J.P. Engelbrecht -- John Hunter McLea, Pretoria se eerste Direkteur van Parke / H.M. Rex -- Meester Wessel Louis se skool in Pretoria / S.J. Bezuidenhout -- Die Staatsbiblioteek , 1883-1900 / Steph. J. Schoeman -- Die Staatsmodelskool is 'n sieraad van die 19e eeuse argitektuur / F.C. Calitz -- Die Staatsmodelskool as historiese gedenkwaardigheid geproklameer -- Die Staatsmodelskool / C.H.B. Naudé -- Sir Winston Churchill and Pretoria sixty years ago / A.M. Davey -- Die glasblasery op Eerste Fabrieken / J. Ploeger -- Uit die briewe van Arnold Theiler V / F.J. du T. Spies -- 'n Historiese skildery in die Ou Museum / P.J. Nell -- Voortrekkerhoogte : 'n geskiedkundige oorsig / J.C.D. Lamprecht -- Pretoria se eerste Uniedag / F.J. du T. Spies -- Die Uniegebou / A.L. Meiring -- Die Pretoriase stadsaal / W.J. Erasmus -- Bekende Helde-akker van Suid-Afrika / W.J. de Kock -- 'n Voorstel vir die uitleg van 'n wandelterrein in Pretoria / T.H. le Roux -- 'n Wandelterrein vir die stad Pretoria / Franz J. Wepener -- John or Jahn Street in Muckleneuk? / A.M. Davey -- Gelukwensings=Congratulations -- 'n Woord van dankOriginal copy bound without p. 111-112 ; p. 109-110 duplicate