An Assessment of the Quasi-Biennial Oscillation (QBO) and Sudden Stratospheric Warmings (SSWs) with Idealized General Circulation Models.

Advancing the predictive capabilities of atmospheric General Circulation Models (GCMs) necessitates a better understanding of the weather-climate interface and, in particular, the impact of the stratosphere on tropospheric predictability. However, the representation of stratospheric phenomena, including the tropical Quasi-Biennial Oscillation (QBO) and polar Sudden Stratospheric Warmings (SSWs), is still poor in current generation GCMs. This research advances the understanding of stratospheric simulations in GCMs and stratosphere-troposphere interactions. Stratospheric QBO-like oscillations and SSW events are analyzed using different numerical methods which are provided in the four dynamical core of the National Center for Atmospheric Research’s Community Atmosphere Model (CAM) version 5. The dynamical cores are driven by an idealized forcing named Held-Suarez forcing which consists of Rayleigh friction and a Newtonian temperature relaxation on a dry and flat earth. Three of the four models in CAM are able to generate QBO-like oscillations, but with different physical characteristics. The QBO-like oscillations are mainly driven by tropical waves that are triggered despite the absence of typical wave generation mechanisms like moist convection. The differences thereby expose the effects of the CAM numerical schemes and their dissipation mechanisms on the QBO- like circulation. In addition, SSWs are simulated using similar idealized setups even without topographically generated planetary waves which are believed to be the most important SSW driving mechanisms. Wave and instability analyses are performed to examine the wave generation processes and the dynamics of the circulations in the four dynamical cores. Furthermore, simulations with additional simple subgrid-scale processes such as gravity wave drag parameterizations and moist processes are introduced. These sim- ulations enhance the complexity of the experimental setup and lead to an increase in wave activities and shortened QBO-like cycles. The thesis demonstrates that ide- alized dynamical core simulations expose fundamental characteristics of atmospheric circulations and thereby provide insight into the numerical designs of GCMs. It is suggested that idealized GCM configurations with increasing complexity serve as a paramount tool for model developments and tests.PhDAtmospheric, Oceanic and Space Sciences and Scientific ComputingUniversity of Michigan, Horace H. Rackham School of Graduate Studieshttp://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/111568/1/weiyeyao_1.pd

Spontaneous QBO‐like oscillations in an atmospheric model dynamical core

Peer Reviewedhttp://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/99691/1/grl50723.pd

Analysis on limitation of Using Solar Fraction Ratio as Solar Hot Water System Design and Evaluation Index

AbstractSolar fraction ratio is a key index and reference of solar hot water system design, andis also a key factor to evaluate solar hot water system according to Evaluation Standard for Application of Renewable Energy in Buildings in China. By analyzing relevant inspection data of actual projects, it was found that using solar fraction ratio to evaluate the actual running systems has certain limitation, which cannot reasonably reflect the actual supplementation of conventional energy, especially with the residential buildings applying central solar hot water system. Based on the total energy consumption control concept raised by government during the Twelfth Five-Year Plan period, the actual supplementation level of conventional energy should be used as a factor to evaluate solar hot water system. This study will analyze the limitation of solar fraction ratio in design and evaluation, and propose corresponding ideas of solution as references for relevant design and evaluation professionals

Investigation and analysis of bacteria contamination of edible raw meat and related products in catering of Shanghai in 2019

Objective To detect microbial contamination status of edible raw meat products in catering enterprises of Shanghai and to provide reference for food safety and supervision. Methods According to the national standards a total of 198 batches of edible raw meat products and related products from catering enterprises in Shanghai in 2019 were tested for hygienic indicator organisms and common foodborne pathogenic bacteria. SPSS 16.0 software was used to analyze the test result. Results Judging from the hygienic indicator organisms, 2.06% (2/97) of edible raw meat products, raw and supplementary materials had aerobic plate count ≥ 100 000 CFU/g, 5.15% (5/97) of them had coliforms more than 100 CFU/g, and the detection rate of Escherichia coli was 2.06% (2/97), among which the detection rate of raw beef samples was 11.11% (2/18) and the quantitative value was all 10 CFU/g. In terms of the contact surface samples of ready-to-eat foods, the detection rate of coliform was 12.87% (13/101), among which the positive rate of processing tools and utensils was 20.83% (10/48), higher than the tableware samples 5.66% (3/53) (χ2=12.678, P<0.05). According to the detection of foodborne pathogenic bacteria, the detection rates of Salmonella in raw beef and finished products were 5.56% (1/18) respectively and no foodborne pathogens were detected in the remaining samples. Conclusion According to the result of this survey, the detection of the hygienic indicator organisms and Salmonella of edible raw meat products and the raw materials from catering in Shanghai in 2019 was worthy of attention, and the supervison agency should attach importance to the hygienic supervision of the processing tools and utensils in direct contact with ready-to-eat foods

Overview of the Observing System and Initial Scientific Accomplishments of the East Asian VLBI Network (EAVN)

Full list of authors: Akiyama, Kazunori; Algaba, Juan-Carlos; An, Tao; Asada, Keiichi; Asanok, Kitiyanee; Byun, Do-Young; Chanapote, Thanapol; Chen, Wen; Chen, Zhong; Cheng, Xiaopeng; Chibueze, James O.; Cho, Ilje; Cho, Se-Hyung; Chung, Hyun-Soo; Cui, Lang; Cui, Yuzhu; Doi, Akihiro; Dong, Jian; Fujisawa, Kenta; Gou, Wei; Guo, Wen; Hada, Kazuhiro; Hagiwara, Yoshiaki; Hirota, Tomoya; Hodgson, Jeffrey A.; Honma, Mareki; Imai, Hiroshi; Jaroenjittichai, Phrudth; Jiang, Wu; Jiang, Yongbin; Jiang, Yongchen; Jike, Takaaki; Jung, Dong-Kyu; Jung, Taehyun; Kawaguchi, Noriyuki; Kim, Dong-Jin; Kim, Hyo-Ryoung; Kim, Jaeheon; Kim, Jeong-Sook; Kim, Kee-Tae; Kim, Soon-Wook; Kino, Motoki; Kobayashi, Hideyuki; Koyama, Shoko; Kramer, Busaba H.; Lee, Jee-Won; Lee, Jeong Ae; Lee, Sang-Sung; Lee, Sang Won; Li, Bin; Li, Guanghui; Li, Xiaofei; Li, Zhixuan; Liu, Qinghui; Liu, Xiang; Lu, Ru-Sen; Motogi, Kazuhito; Nakamura, Masanori; Niinuma, Kotaro; Oh, Chungsik; Oh, Hongjong; Oh, Junghwan; Oh, Se-Jin; Oyama, Tomoaki; Park, Jongho; Poshyachinda, Saran; Ro, Hyunwook; Roh, Duk-Gyoo; Rujopakarn, Wiphu; Sakai, Nobuyuki; Sawada-Satoh, Satoko; Shen, Zhi-Qiang; Shibata, Katsunori M.; Sohn, Bong Won; Soonthornthum, Boonrucksar; Sugiyama, Koichiro; Sun, Yunxia; Takamura, Mieko; Tanabe, Yoshihiro; Tazaki, Fumie; Trippe, Sascha; Wajima, Kiyoaki; Wang, Jinqing; Wang, Na; Wang, Shiqiang; Wang, Xuezheng; Xia, Bo; Xu, Shuangjing; Yan, Hao; Yang, Wenjun; Yeom, Jae-Hwan; Yi, Kunwoo; Yi, Sang-Oh; Yonekura, Yoshinori; Yoon, Hasu; Yu, Linfeng; Yuan, Jianping; Yun, Youngjoo; Zhang, Bo; Zhang, Hua; Zhang, Yingkang; Zhao, Guang-Yao; Zhao, Rongbing; Zhong, Weiye.--This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).The East Asian VLBI Network (EAVN) is an international VLBI facility in East Asia and is operated under mutual collaboration between East Asian countries, as well as part of Southeast Asian and European countries. EAVN currently consists of 16 radio telescopes and three correlators located in China, Japan, and Korea, and is operated mainly at three frequency bands, 6.7, 22, and 43 GHz with the longest baseline length of 5078 km, resulting in the highest angular resolution of 0.28 milliarcseconds at 43 GHz. One of distinct capabilities of EAVN is multi-frequency simultaneous data reception at nine telescopes, which enable us to employ the frequency phase transfer technique to obtain better sensitivity at higher observing frequencies. EAVN started its open-use program in the second half of 2018, providing a total observing time of more than 1100 h in a year. EAVN fills geographical gap in global VLBI array, resulting in enabling us to conduct contiguous high-resolution VLBI observations. EAVN has produced various scientific accomplishments especially in observations toward active galactic nuclei, evolved stars, and star-forming regions. These activities motivate us to initiate launch of the ’Global VLBI Alliance’ to provide an opportunity of VLBI observation with the longest baselines on the earth. © 2022 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland.This work is funded by following: JSPS (Japan Society for the Promotion of Science) Grant-in Aid for Scientific Research (KAKENHI) (S) 18H05222 (T.H.), (A) 16H02167 (H.I.), 18H03721 (K.N.), 21H04524 (H.I.), 22H00157 (K.H.), (B) 18KK0090 (K.H.), 21H01120 (Y.Y. (Yoshinori Yonekura)), (C) 17K05398 (T.H.), 19K03921 (K.S.), 21K03628 (S.S-S.), JSPS Grant-in-Aid for Scientific Research on Innovative Areas (Research in a proposed research area) 21H00032 (Y.Y. (Yoshinori Yonekura)), 21H00047 (H.I.), JSPS Grant-in-Aid for Transformative Research Areas (A) 20H05845 (T.H.), the Grant of PIIF Heiwa Nakajima Foundation in 2019 (K.S.), and the Mitsubishi Foundation 201911019 (K.H.). K.A. (Kazunori Akiyama) is financially supported by grants from the National Science Foundation (AST-1935980, AST-2034306, AST-2107681, AST-2132700, OMA-2029670). L.C. is supported by the Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS) ’Light of West China’ Program (No. 2021-XBQNXZ-005) and the National Science Foundation of China (NSFC; No. U2031212 and 61931002). W.C. is supported by NSFC (No. 11903079). Z.C. is supported by NSFC (No. U1931135). W.J. is supported by NSFC (No. 12173074). R.-S.L. is supported by the Max Planck Partner Group of the MPG and the CAS, the Key Program of the NSFC (No. 11933007), the Key Research Program of Frontier Sciences, CAS (No. ZDBS-LY-SLH011), and the Shanghai Pilot Program for Basic Research - CAS, Shanghai Branch (No. JCYJ-SHFY-2022-013). S.T. acknowledges financial support from the National Research Foundation of Korea (NRF) through grant no. 2022R1F1A1075115. B.Z. is supported by the NSFC (No. U1831136 and U2031212) and Shanghai Astronomical Observatory (N-2020-06-09-005).With funding from the Spanish government through the Severo Ochoa Centre of Excellence accreditation SEV-2017-0709.Peer reviewe

Study on Demand-side Design Parameters of Solar Domestic Hot Water System in Residential Buildings

AbstractSolar domestic hot water system is widely used and developing fast in recent years in China. However many problems occur at the same time, for example more energy consumption by circulation pump, water reheating, long investment payback period, and etc. Through analyzing the field-testing data of projects and investigating of different residential consumers, it was found that compared to actual hot water consumption the solar domestic hot water systems were generally designed too large in capacity, which means the designed hot water demand is much greater than actual user consumption. This study compared different specifications and recommended design parameters value of hot water related standards, and analyzed the calculation methodology and design parameter ofhot water quota. Finally problems in the system design are summarized and suggestions are proposed for designers and different stakeholders

Layout Design and Verification of a Space Payload Distributed Capture and Lock System

In this paper, the mechanism scheme and parametric design of a capture and lock system are studied based on the high reliability of locking systems. By analyzing the workflow and boundary conditions of the capture and lock system, a positioning design is carried out by combining it with the layout of a distributed capture and lock system. Based on the error domain for the passive end in the presence of errors in the manipulator, planning for the capture trajectory and configuration of the design for the active end are carried out. The influence of the passive end on the dynamic performance of the system is comprehensively considered to design the configuration of the passive end. According to the structure of the active end, a mathematical model for the capture and lock mechanism is established, and an analysis of the influence of trajectory parameters on the active end is carried out. The layout design of the capture hook for the active end is carried out based on an analysis of the influence of its layout on posture adjustment. The large-tolerance capability of the system layout is verified with a tolerance simulation analysis and a ground simulation capture test

Establishment and Characterization of a New Cell Line from Enzootic Nasal Adenocarcinoma in Goats: ENA-1

Enzootic nasal adenocarcinoma (ENA) is a contagious tumor disease of goats and sheep, which is caused by enzootic nasal tumor virus (ENTV). To better understand the pathogenesis of ENA, this study aimed to establish a goat ENA cell line (ENA-1). The cells have been characterized with regard to morphology, growth rate, ultrastructural features, chromosome number, expression of CK7 and CK18, tumorigenicity, species, and mycoplasma contamination. ENA-1 had an epithelioid cell morphology with an unstable chromosome number under a light microscope. Under an electron microscope, the cell nuclear heterogeneity was not obvious, and there were more intermediate filaments and a small number of immature retrovirus-like particles in the cytoplasm. ENA-1 had strong proliferative potential, and the cell multiplication time was about 36 h, which could make BALB/c nude mice develop tumors. CK7 and CK18 were expressed in the cytoplasm of primary goat tumors, in transplanted tumors from nude mice, and un ENA-1 cells with the same intensity. PCR revealed that ENA-1 continuously carried ENTV-2 up to the 17th generation with no germline contamination or mycoplasma contamination. In conclusion, using a serum-containing culture system, ENA-1 cells were successfully isolated, cultured, and purified from goat tumor tissues. The isolated ENA-1 cells retained robust proliferation potential and maintained their phenotype, indicating the potential application of the ENA-1 cell line as an in vitro model of ENA