Does quark-gluon plasma feature an extended hydrodynamic regime?

We investigate the response of the near-equilibrium quark-gluon plasma (QGP) to perturbation at non-hydrodynamic gradients. We propose a conceivable scenario under which sound mode continues to dominate the medium response in this regime. Such a scenario has been observed experimentally for various liquids and liquid metals. We further show this extended hydrodynamic regime (EHR) indeed exists for both the weakly-coupled kinetic equation in the relaxation time approximation (RTA) and the strongly-coupled ${\cal N}=4$ supersymmetric Yang-Mills (SYM) theory. We construct a simple but nontrivial extension of M{\"u}eller-Isareal-Stewart (MIS) theory, namely MIS*, and demonstrate that it describes EHR response for both RTA and SYM theory. This indicates that MIS* equations can potentially be employed to search for QGP EHR via heavy-ion collisions.Comment: 9 pages, 4 figure

Maternal type 1 diabetes, preterm birth, and risk of intellectual disability in the offspring: A nation-wide study in Sweden

Abstract Objective There are few data on long-term neurological or cognitive outcomes in the offspring of mothers with type 1 diabetes (T1D). The aims of this study were to examine if maternal T1D increases the risk of intellectual disability (ID) in the offspring, estimate the amount of mediation through preterm birth, and examine if the association was modified by maternal glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c). Design Population-based cohort study using population-based data from several national registries in Sweden. Setting and participants All offspring born alive in Sweden between the years 1998 and 2015. Main outcome measure The risk of ID was estimated through hazard ratios with 95% confidence intervals (HR, 95% CI) from Cox proportional hazard models, adjusting for potential confounding. Risks were also assessed in mediation analyses and in subgroups of term/preterm births, in relation to maternal HbA1c and by severity of ID. Results In total, 1,406,441 offspring were included. In this cohort, 7,794 (0.57%) offspring were born to mothers with T1D. The risk of ID was increased in offspring of mothers with T1D (HR; 1.77, 1.43–2.20), of which 47% (95% CI: 34–100) was mediated through preterm birth. The HRs were not modified by HbA1c. Conclusion T1D in pregnancy is associated with moderately increased risks of ID in the offspring. The risk is largely mediated by preterm birth, in particular for moderate/severe cases of ID. There was no support for risk-modification by maternal HbA1c

Mediterranean Dietary Pattern at Middle Age and Risk of Parkinsons Disease: A Swedish Cohort Study

Background The Mediterranean diet has been proposed to protect against neurodegeneration. Objectives The aim of this study was to assess the association of adherence to Mediterranean dietary pattern (MDP) at middle age with risk for Parkinsons disease (PD) later in life. Method In a population-based cohort of &amp;gt;47,000 Swedish women, information on diet was collected through a food frequency questionnaire during 1991-1992, from which adherence to MDP was calculated. We also collected detailed information on potential confounders. Clinical diagnosis of PD was ascertained from the Swedish National Patient Register through 2012. Results We observed an inverse association between adherence to MDP and PD, multivariable hazard ratio of 0.54 (95% confidence interval: 0.30-0.98), comparing high with low adherence. The association was noted primarily from age 65 years onward. One unit increase in the adherence score was associated with a 29% lower risk for PD at age &amp;gt;= 65 years (95% confidence interval: 0.57-0.89). Conclusion Higher adherence to a Mediterranean diet at middle age was associated with lower risk for PD. (c) 2020 The Authors.Movement Disorderspublished by Wiley Periodicals LLC. on behalf of International Parkinson and Movement Disorder Society.Funding Agencies|Swedish Research CouncilSwedish Research Council [2019-01088]; Swedish Research Council for Health, Working Life and WelfareSwedish Research CouncilSwedish Research Council for Health Working Life &amp; Welfare (Forte) [2017-00531]; Karolinska InstitutetKarolinska Institutet</p

Mediterranean diet and depression : a population-based cohort study

Background Depression imposes immense public health burden, demonstrating an urgent need of the identification of modifiable risk factors. Only a few cohort studies have analyzed the association between Mediterranean dietary pattern (MDP) and depression but with mixed results. We examined the impact of MDP on clinically ascertained depression in a large population-based dataset. Methods In 1991/92, detailed information on diet, using a food frequency questionnaire, and potential confounding factors (body weight, height, educational attainment, smoking, previous diabetes and hypertension, and physical activity) was collected, in a random sample of 49,261 Swedish women aged 29-49. Adherence to MDP was calculated. Clinical depression was extracted from the National Patient Register. Study participants were followed up through 2012. Results During an average follow-up of 20.4 years, 1677 incident cases of depression were diagnosed. We observed a lower risk of depression for medium (score 4-5) and high (6-9) adherence to MDP, compared with low (0-3) adherence (Medium: hazard ratio (HR) = 0.90, 95% confidence interval (CI) = 0.81-1.00; High: HR = 0.82, 95%CI = 0.71-0.94). Per unit increase of adherence, the risk of depression was reduced by 5% (HR = 0.95, 95%CI = 0.92-0.98). The association became stronger when restricting to severe form of depression (HR = 0.51, 95%CI = 0.33-0.76). The HRs were higher from age 50 onward both over the first and the second 10-year follow-up period, compared with before age 50, indicating stronger association with increasing age. Results remained after extensive sensitivity analyses. Conclusion Higher adherence to a Mediterranean diet at middle age was associated with a lower risk of depression later in life among Swedish women.Funding Agencies|Karolinska InstituteKarolinska Institutet; Swedish Research CouncilSwedish Research CouncilEuropean Commission [2019-01088]; Swedish Research Council for Health, Working Life and WelfareSwedish Research CouncilSwedish Research Council for Health Working Life &amp; Welfare (Forte) [2017-00531]; Karolinska Institutet (Senior Researcher Award and Strategic Research Area in Epidemiology)</p

Excellent structural, optical, and electrical properties of Nd-doped BaSnO3 transparent thin films

We epitaxially grew 7 mol. % Nd-doped BaSnO3 (NBSO) thin films on double-side polished SrTiO3 (001) single-crystal substrates and optimized the oxygen pressure (PO2), substrate temperature (TS), and film thickness (t) to achieve excellent structural, optical, and electrical performance. By keeping TS (=800 °C) constant, NBSO films prepared at PO2 = 10 Pa show the best crystallization, yielding a full-width at half-maximum (FWHM) of the x-ray diffraction rocking curve of 0.079° and exhibiting a room-temperature resistivity (ρ) of ∼1.85 mΩ cm and a volume carrier density (n) of ∼8.5 x 1020/cm3. By keeping PO2 (=10 Pa) constant, the room-temperature ρ of NBSO films could be reduced to as low as 0.5 mΩ cm by increasing TS from 700 to 825°; meanwhile, the volume carrier density and mobility show the maximum of 5.04 x 1020/cm3 and 24.9 cm2/Vs, respectively, for TS = 825 °C. For all as-grown NBSO thin films, the optical transmittance in the visible wavelength region is larger than 80%. The optimized comprehensive properties of the NBSO films with FWHM = 0.11°, ρ = 0.5 mΩ cm, μ = 24.9 cm2/Vs, and T \u3e 80% are superior to those of other rare-earth and 4d- and 5d-transition metal-doped BaSnO3 thin films

Resveratrol-Induced White Adipose Tissue Browning in Obese Mice by Remodeling Fecal Microbiota

Promoting the browning of white fat may be a potential means of combating obesity. Therefore, in this study, we investigated the effect of resveratrol (RES) on the body weight and browning of white fat in high-fat diet (HFD)-induced obese mice and the potential associated mechanism in vivo. Eight-week-old male mice were randomized to receive different treatments: (1), chow without any additional treatment (chow); (2), chow plus 0.4% resveratrol (chow-RES); (3), HFD without any additional treatment (HFD); and (4), HFD plus 0.4% resveratrol (HFD-RES). After 4 weeks of feeding, additional 8-week-old male recipient mice were randomly allocated to the following 4 treatments: (5), HFD and received feces from chow-fed mice; (6), HFD and received feces from chow-RES-fed mice; (7), HFD and received feces from HFD-fed mice; and (8), HFD and received feces from HFD-RES-fed mice. RES treatment significantly inhibited increases in fat accumulation, promoted the browning of white adipose tissue (WAT) and alleviated gut microbiota dysbiosis in HFD-fed mice. Subsequent analyses showed that the gut microbiota remodeling induced by resveratrol had a positive role in WAT browning, and sirtuin-1 (Sirt1) signaling appears to be a key component of this process. Overall, the results show that RES may serve as a potential intervention to reduce obesity by alleviating dysbiosis of the gut microbiota

Paternal and maternal psychiatric history and risk of preterm and early term birth: A nationwide study using Swedish registers

BackgroundWomen with psychiatric diagnoses are at increased risk of preterm birth (PTB), with potential life-long impact on offspring health. Less is known about the risk of PTB in offspring of fathers with psychiatric diagnoses, and for couples where both parents were diagnosed. In a nationwide birth cohort, we examined the association between psychiatric history in fathers, mothers, and both parents and gestational age. Methods and findingsWe included all infants live-born to Nordic parents in 1997 to 2016 in Sweden. Psychiatric diagnoses were obtained from the National Patient Register. Data on gestational age were retrieved from the Medical Birth Register. Associations between parental psychiatric history and PTB were quantified by relative risk (RR) and two-sided 95% confidence intervals (CIs) from log-binomial regressions, by psychiatric disorders overall and by diagnostic categories. We extended the analysis beyond PTB by calculating risks over the whole distribution of gestational age, including "early term" (37 to 38 weeks).Among the 1,488,920 infants born throughout the study period, 1,268,507 were born to parents without a psychiatric diagnosis, of whom 73,094 (5.8%) were born preterm. 4,597 of 73,500 (6.3%) infants were born preterm to fathers with a psychiatric diagnosis, 8,917 of 122,611 (7.3%) infants were born preterm to mothers with a pscyhiatric diagnosis, and 2,026 of 24,302 (8.3%) infants were born preterm to both parents with a pscyhiatric diagnosis. We observed a shift towards earlier gestational age in offspring of parents with psychiatric history. The risks of PTB associated with paternal and maternal psychiatric diagnoses were similar for different psychiatric disorders. The risks for PTB were estimated at RR 1.12 (95% CI [1.08, 1.15] p &amp;lt; 0.001) for paternal diagnoses, at RR 1.31 (95% CI [1.28, 1.34] p &amp;lt; 0.001) for maternal diagnoses, and at RR 1.52 (95% CI [1.46, 1.59] p &amp;lt; 0.001) when both parents were diagnosed with any psychiatric disorder, compared to when neither parent had a psychiatric diagnosis. Stress-related disorders were associated with the highest risks of PTB with corresponding RRs estimated at 1.23 (95% CI [1.16, 1.31] p &amp;lt; 0.001) for a psychiatry history in fathers, at 1.47 (95% CI [1.42, 1.53] p &amp;lt; 0.001) for mothers, and at 1.90 (95% CI [1.64, 2.20] p &amp;lt; 0.001) for both parents. The risks for early term were similar to PTB. Co-occurring diagnoses from different diagnostic categories increased risk; for fathers: RR 1.10 (95% CI [1.07, 1.13] p &amp;lt; 0.001), 1.15 (95% CI [1.09, 1.21] p &amp;lt; 0.001), and 1.33 (95% CI [1.23, 1.43] p &amp;lt; 0.001), for diagnoses in 1, 2, and &amp; GE;3 categories; for mothers: RR 1.25 (95% CI [1.22, 1.28] p &amp;lt; 0.001), 1.39 (95% CI [1.34, 1.44] p &amp;lt; 0.001) and 1.65 (95% CI [1.56, 1.74] p &amp;lt; 0.001). Despite the large sample size, statistical precision was limited in subgroups, mainly where both parents had specific psychiatric subtypes. Pathophysiology and genetics underlying different psychiatric diagnoses can be heterogeneous. ConclusionsPaternal and maternal psychiatric history were associated with a shift to earlier gestational age and increased risk of births before full term. The risk consistently increased when fathers had a positive history of different psychiatric disorders, increased further when mothers were diagnosed and was highest when both parents were diagnosed. Author summary Why was this study done? Women with psychiatric diagnoses are at increased risk of preterm birth (PTB). It is already known that PTB is associated with negative health consequences for the offspring.Less is known about the risk of PTB in offspring of fathers with psychiatric diagnoses and for couples where both parents had psychiatric diagnoses.Earlier studies have not thoroughly examined the full range of psychiatric disorders and gestational age. What did the researchers do and find? In a cohort of 1.5 million births, we observed a shift towards earlier gestational age in offspring of parents with a history with psychiatric disorders, particularly for preterm and early term births.The risk of PTB consistently increased when fathers were diagnosed with different psychiatric disorders (relative risk (RR) = 1.12, 95% confidence interval (CI) [1.08, 1.15]), increased further when mothers were diagnosed (RR = 1.31, 95% CI [1.28, 1.34]), and was highest when both parents were diagnosed (RR = 1.52, 95% CI [1.46, 1.59]).For both the father and the mother, the risk increased in parents diagnosed with several different psychiatric disorders.The increased risk was present not only for children born preterm, but also for the larger group of offspring born at early term (37 to 38 weeks), who represent approximately 20% of all births. What do these findings mean? These data suggest that the presence of psychiatric diagnoses in either one or both parents impacts gestational age at birth.Whether additional social and psychiatric support and prenatal care to families with a positive psychiatric history could mitigate against this warrants further investigation.Funding Agencies|Swedish Research Council [2021-0214]</p