A new model to describe the physics of VOPO

In the past different models for the magnetic salt vanadyl pyrophosphate (VOPO) were discussed. Neither a spin ladder nor an alternating chain are capable to describe recently measured magnetic excitations. In this paper we propose a 2D model that fits better to experimental observations.Comment: 4 pages, 6 figures include

Trajectory Correction of the LHC Injection Transfer Lines TI 2 and TI 8

The LHC injection transfer lines TI 2 and TI 8 will transport very intense high-energy small-emittance proton beams over considerable distances. The relatively tight aperture requires a precise control of the trajectory. A detailed analysis of the trajectory excursions to be expected in the presence of various imperfections has been carried out. To stay within the given aperture a correction scheme is proposed in which two adjacent short straight sections out of every four are equipped with correctors. For both lines together this scheme requires 110 corrector elements. The maximum deflection per corrector remains below 65Ýmrad. Corrector magnets and power supplies will be recuperated from LEP and adapted to their new function. The beam position monitors will use button-type electrodes which can also be recovered from LEP

Beam transfer to and Injection into LHC

Transfer of 450 GeV protons from SPS to LHC will be carried out through two new beam transfer lines with a length of about 2.8-km per line. One beam will use the existing SPS west extraction in LSS6 from where a new line will lead to the LHC injection near intersection 2. A new fast extraction facility in SPS LSS4 is needed for the other beam line which will lead to LHC intersection 8. Economy considerations have led to the decision to use classical magnets of compact design. A lot of components will be recuperated from closed down installations. The injection systems consist of horizontally deflecting Lambertson type septum magnets and vertically deflecting kickers. A careful control of the trajectory and the preservation of the very small emittance during transfer and injection are of key importance. Construction for the transfer lines will start in 1998 to allow first injection tests in 2003. The report describes the layout and optics design and the required performance of the main components

Assimilation de données d'humidité des sols pour la prévision de crues : comparaison d'un modèle pluie-débit conceptuel et d'un modèle intégrant une interface sol-végétation-atmosphère

Le but de cet article est de présenter une méthodologie de mise à jour des paramètres de modèles pluie-débit en période de crue. Elle a été mise au point afin d'améliorer un des aspects de la gestion des réservoirs dans un contexte opérationnel de protection contre les crues: la réduction des incertitudes sur la prévision des débits. L'originalité de la méthode proposée réside dans le fait que l'on utilise non seulement une information sur les débits mais aussi une information sur l'humidité du sol. L'objectif de l'étude est d'évaluer l'intérêt de l'introduction de cette information supplémentaire. Pour cela, les données d'humidité du sol sont introduites au sein du modèle par l'intermédiaire d'une relation de passage établie entre l'humidité mesurée in situ et l'humidité calculée implicitement ou explicitement par les modèles. Cette méthodologie a été testée dans le cadre du projet européen AIMWATER sur quatre sous-bassins de la Seine en amont de Paris (France). Deux modèles pluie-débit sont utilisés dans cette étude, un modèle conceptuel semi-emprique et un modèle conceptuel couplé à un schéma de surface simulant une interface sol-végétation-atmosphère et permettant de calculer l'évolution de l'humidité du sol à différentes profondeurs. Cette approche comparative étudie l'intérêt d'un tel modèle couplé par rapport au modèle conceptuel semi-empirique sans représentation explicite des phénomènes se produisant à l'interface sol-végétation-atmosphère.Improving the accuracy of rainfall-runoff models and in particular their performances in flood prediction is a key point of continental hydrology. Methods have been developed to improve flood prediction in hydrology based on a better compliance of the model with current observations prior to its use in forecasting mode. This operation has been termed updating in hydrology and assimilation in meteorology. The fundamental idea is that if model predictions diverge from observations at a given time, there is little chance that future estimations will approach correct values. The improvement then comes from a correction of the trajectory of the model based on observations during the period preceding the day when a prediction into the immediate or long-term future is desired. This can be dealt with by a correction of model parameters, which is usually called "parameter updating".The inability of rainfall-runoff models to produce correct streamflow values generally translates into parameter uncertainty. Parameter calibration is the means used by a model structure to adjust to a given set of data. Therefore, a parameter updating methodology seems to be a natural way to amend errors in streamflow values. In this paper, a specific methodology of parameter updating is presented. The main feature of this method is that it does not carry out updating by reference only to recent streamflow observations, as classic procedures do, but also to soil moisture measurements, which can be retrieved daily from TDR probes. Indeed, it appears that the integration of soil moisture data allows better control of the evolution of the model and improves its performances, in particular in terms of forecasting.The aim of the research was to assess the usefulness of this additional soil moisture information. To this end, an approach has been suggested that gradually introduces additional information thanks to a constraint relationship between observed and modelled soil moisture. In fact, soil moisture can be calculated implicitly or explicitly by the model when extracting step-by-step the values of the model's store contents. This methodology was put forward for use in the European AIMWATER project on four catchments within the Seine River basin upstream of Paris (France). The other issue addressed in this paper was whether or not it is necessary to use a model that simulates explicitly the evolution of soil moisture at different depths. One can argue that if the model employed does not feature a store that can be identified closely to the observed soil moisture, there would be no possibility of benefiting from such measurements. On the other hand, it can be argued that if soil moisture is a model output, all the information drawn from soil moisture observations will be directed at improving this specific output at the expense of improving streamflow values. To answer this issue, two models were tested. The first model, GR4j, has no explicit counterpart for soil moisture measurements. The second one, GRHum, has been especially developed to introduce a two-layer soil reservoir that simulates the surface and sub-surface soil moisture.Since the aim of the present research was to analyse different ways of accounting for soil moisture, and to identify the one that offers the best prospects, several tests were carried out, using different relationships between observed and modelled soil moisture. Indeed, TDR probes give point measurements of soil moisture at several depths and several store contents can be taken into account in a constraint relationship.First, for both GR4j and GRHum models, tests showed that performances for flood forecasting are significantly improved when assimilating in situ measurements of soil moisture at a daily time-step, especially for the basins where poor simulations are obtained. It is also noteworthy that performances are very dependent on the items taken into account in a constraint relationship.Secondly, the GRHum model did not appear to be more efficient than the GR4j model when assimilating both streamflow and soil moisture data. However, the GRHum model gave the best results when assimilating only streamflow data, and superficial soil moisture seemed to fit the GRHum better than the GR4j model.Finally, although the tests required perfect foreknowledge of rainfall, the results of the research are encouraging from an operational point of view. Another interesting perspective is provided by the Earth Observation data. Indeed, previous studies have shown that soil moisture can be derived from EO data using, for example, microwave spaceborne Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR) images (QUESNEY et al., 2000). This type of catchment-scale data could be more relevant than a local measure given by TDR probes (PAUWELS et al., 2002)

Numerical resonances for Schottky surfaces via Lagrange-Chebyshev approximation

We present a numerical method to calculate resonances of Schottky surfaces based on Selberg theory, transfer operator techniques and Lagrange-Chebyshev approximation. This method is an alternative to the method based on periodic orbit expansion used previously in this context.Comment: 26 pages, 10 figures, v2: more references and details adde

Time-dependent local Green's operator and its applications to manganites

An algorithm is presented to calculate the electronic local time-dependent Green's operator for manganites-related hamiltonians. This algorithm is proved to scale with the number of states $N$ in the Hilbert-space to the 1.55 power, is able of parallel implementation, and outperforms computationally the Exact Diagonalization (ED) method for clusters larger than 64 sites (using parallelization). This method together with the Monte Carlo (MC) technique is used to derive new results for the manganites phase diagram for the spatial dimension D=3 and half-filling on a 12x12x12 cluster (3456 orbitals). We obtain as a function of an insulating parameter, the sequence of ground states given by: ferromagnetic (FM), antiferromagnetic AF-type A, AF-type CE, dimer and AF-type G, which are in remarkable agreement with experimental results.Comment: 9 pages, 11 figure

Optical absorption and activated transport in polaronic systems

We present exact results for the optical response in the one-dimensional Holstein model. In particular, by means of a refined kernel polynomial method, we calculate the ac and dc electrical conductivities at finite temperatures for a wide parameter range of electron phonon interaction. We analyze the deviations from the results of standard small polaron theory in the intermediate coupling regime and discuss non-adiabaticity effects in detail.Comment: 7 pages, 8 figure

Protecting LHC Components Against Radiation Resulting From an Unsynchronized Beam Abort

The effect of possible accidental beam loss in the LHC on the IP5 and IP6 insertion elements is studied via realistic Monte Carlo simulations. The scenario studied is beam loss due to unsynchronized abort at an accidental prefire of one of the abort kicker modules. Simulations show that this beam loss would result in severe heating of the IP5 and IP6 superconducting (SC) quadrupoles. Contrary to the previous considerations with a stationary set of collimators in IP5, collimators in IP6 close to the cause are proposed: a movable collimator upstream of the Q4 quadrupole and a stationary one upstream of the extraction septum MSD. The calculated temperature rise in the optimal set of collimators is quite acceptable. All SC magnets are protected by these collimators against damage