Mothers Behind Bars: The Lived Experience

Purpose Few research studies have been conducted by nurses that focus on incarcerated women. In fact, there are a limited number of research studies with a focus on the incarcerated female by any individual group of health professionals. The purpose of this qualitative study was to explore the lived experience of the incarcerated woman as a mother, and to obtain an increased understanding of the meaning of her experience. Background The United States has the highest per capita rate of incarcerated persons of all countries. Women are the fastest growing group of inmates and are being incarcerated at double the rate of men. Approximately 70% of incarcerated women across the nation are mothers to a minor child, and at least 50% of the women had their children residing with them prior to incarceration. Research Design The specific research design for this study was based on the Husserlian descriptive phenomenological method of inquiry, as interpreted by Kleiman. Conclusions and Implications The lived experience of the incarcerated mother incorporates the essential themes of caring, hurting, addiction, hurtful past, faith, and a secondary essential theme of tension between caring and addiction. The incarcerated mothers experience hurting related to separation from their children. However, they maintain a sense of caring for their children, which is supported by their faith in God. The incarcerated mother identifies experiencing a hurtful past. She also reports experiencing current and/or past addictions. A tension exists between caring and addiction, whereby the mothers know they have an addiction that is overshadowing the way they demonstrate caring to their child. Nurses serve as first line health care providers at correctional facilities. This study has generated new information on incarcerated mothers that may provide insight for nurses. This new description of the incarcerated mother may assist nurses in best formulating nursing interventions and providing appropriate nursing care. When helping incarcerated mothers plan for their future, nurses should use this knowledge, along with the knowledge that what the women experienced may have impacted past behaviors that possibly led to incarceration to help them make appropriate plans for their future

Mikrozensus 2000: Dokumentation und Datenaufbereitung

Der Mikrozensus (MZ) ist eine repräsentative 1-Prozent-Bevölkerungsstichprobe, die für das Jahr 2000 Informationen zu bevölkerungs- und arbeitsmarktstatistischen Strukturdaten von ca. 719.000 Personen in 329.000 Haushalten umfasst. Die Datenerhebung durch die Statistischen Bundesämter erfolgt im Regelfall mündlich, ein kleiner Teil mittels schriftlicher Auskunft der Befragten. Das stichprobenmethodische Grundkonzept des MZ ist die einstufige Klumpenstichprobe. Neben dem gleichbleibenden Grundprogramm zu sozioökonomischen Grundinformationen enthält der MZ 2000 zusätzliche Angaben zur beruflichen Ausbildung, Pendlereigenschaft bzw. -merkmale, Zusatzangaben für Ausländer und Erwerbstätigkeit. Die Ausführungen basieren auf einer faktisch-anonymisierten 70-Prozent-Substichprobe des MZ 2000. Für die faktisch-anonymisierte Substichprobe (Scientific Use File) gilt, dass sie in systematischer Zufallsauswahl aus dem Originalmaterial des Statistischen Bundesamtes gezogen wird. Vor dem Hintergrund dieser Kurzbeschreibung des MZ 2000 werden hier die einzelnen Schritte der Datenaufbereitung dargestellt. Die Aufbereitung des Scientific Use Files gliedert sich in zwei Arbeitsabläufe: (1) Einlesen der Rohdaten, Erstellen eines SPSS-Systemfiles mit Recodierungen, Definition von Missings, Formattransformationen und Variable-/Value Labels sowie (2) Plausibilitäts- und Validitätsprüfung. (ICG2

Severe Developmental B Lymphopoietic Defects in Foxp3-Deficient Mice are Refractory to Adoptive Regulatory T Cell Therapy

The role of Foxp3-expressing regulatory T (Treg) cells in tolerance and autoimmunity is well-established. However, although of considerable clinical interest, the role of Treg cells in the regulation of hematopoietic homeostasis remains poorly understood. Thus, we analysed B and T lymphopoiesis in the scurfy (Sf) mouse model of Treg cell deficiency. In these experiments, the near-complete block of B lymphopoiesis in the BM of adolescent Sf mice was attributed to autoimmune T cells. We could exclude a constitutive lympho-hematopoietic defect or a B cell-intrinsic function of Foxp3. Efficient B cell development in the BM early in ontogeny and pronounced extramedullary B lymphopoietic activity resulted in a peripheral pool of mature B cells in adolescent Sf mice. However, marginal zone B and B-1a cells were absent throughout ontogeny. Developmental B lymphopoietic defects largely correlated with defective thymopoiesis. Importantly, neonatal adoptive Treg cell therapy suppressed exacerbated production of inflammatory cytokines and restored thymopoiesis but was ineffective in recovering defective B lymphopoiesis, probably due to a failure to compensate production of stroma cell-derived IL-7 and CXCL12. Our observations on autoimmune-mediated incapacitation of the BM environment in Foxp3-deficient mice will have direct implications for the rational design of BM transplantation protocols for patients with severe genetic deficiencies in functional Foxp3+ Treg cells

Induced B Cell Development in Adult Mice

We employed the B-Indu-Rag1 model in which the coding exon of recombination-activating gene 1 (Rag1) is inactivated by inversion. It is flanked by inverted loxP sites. Accordingly, B cell development is stopped at the pro/pre B-I cell precursor stage. A B cell-specific Cre recombinase fused to a mutated estrogen receptor allows the induction of RAG1 function and B cell development by application of Tamoxifen. Since Rag1 function is recovered in a non-self-renewing precursor cell, only single waves of development can be induced. Using this system, we could determine that B cells minimally require 5 days to undergo development from pro/preB-I cells to the large and 6 days to the small preB-II cell stage. First immature transitional (T) 1 and T2 B cells could be detected in the bone marrow at day 6 and day 7, respectively, while their appearance in the spleen took one additional day. We also tested a contribution of adult bone marrow to the pool of B-1 cells. Sublethally irradiated syngeneic WT mice were adoptively transferred with bone marrow of B-Indu-Rag1 mice and B cell development was induced after 6 weeks. A significant portion of donor derived B-1 cells could be detected in such adult mice. Finally, early VH gene usage was tested after induction of B cell development. During the earliest time points the VH genes proximal to D/J were found to be predominantly rearranged. At later time points, the large family of the most distal VH prevailed

Severity of hearing loss after platinum chemotherapy in childhood cancer survivors.

BACKGROUND Hearing loss is a potential side effect from childhood cancer treatment. We described the severity of hearing loss assessed by audiometry in a representative national cohort of childhood cancer survivors (CCS) and identified clinical risk factors. PROCEDURE We included all CCS from the Swiss Childhood Cancer Registry who were diagnosed ≤18 age and treated with platinum-based chemotherapy between 1990 and 2014. We extracted audiograms, treatment-related information, and demographic data from medical records. Two reviewers independently assessed the severity of hearing loss at latest follow-up using the Münster Ototoxicity Scale. We used ordered logistic regression to identify clinical risk factors for severity of hearing loss. RESULTS We analyzed data from 270 CCS. Median time from cancer diagnosis to last audiogram was 5 years (interquartile range 2.5-8.1 years). We found 53 (20%) CCS with mild, 78 (29%) with moderate, and 75 (28%) with severe hearing loss. Higher severity grades were associated with (a) younger age at cancer diagnosis (odds ratio [OR] 5.4, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 2.5-12.0 for 450 mg/m2 ); (d) concomitant cranial radiation therapy (CRT) (OR 4.4, 95% CI: 2.5-7.8); and (e) hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT) (OR 2.7, 95% CI: 1.0-7.2). CONCLUSION Three of four CCS treated with platinum-based chemotherapy experienced some degree of hearing loss. We recommend closely monitoring patient's hearing function if treated at a young age with high cumulative cisplatin doses, and concomitant CRT as part of long-term care

Auditory complications among childhood cancer survivors and health-related quality of life: a PanCareLIFE study.

PURPOSE Auditory complications are potential side effects from childhood cancer treatment. Yet, limited evidence exists about the impact of auditory complications-particularly tinnitus-on health-related quality of life (HRQoL) among childhood cancer survivors (CCS). We determined the prevalence of hearing loss and tinnitus in the European PanCareLIFE cohort of CCS and examined its effect on HRQoL. METHODS We included CCS from four European countries who were diagnosed at age ≤ 18 years; survived ≥ 5 years; and aged 25-44 years at study. We assessed HRQoL (Short Form 36), hearing loss, and tinnitus using questionnaires. We used multivariable linear regression to examine associations between these two auditory complications and HRQoL adjusting for socio-demographic and clinical factors. RESULTS Our study population consisted of 6,318 CCS (53% female; median age at cancer diagnosis 9 years interquartile range [IQR] 5-13 years) with median age at survey of 31 years (IQR 28-35 years). Prevalence was 7.5% (476/6,318; confidence interval [CI]: 6.9-8.2) for hearing loss and 7.6% (127/1,668; CI: 6.4-9.0) for tinnitus. CCS with hearing loss had impaired physical (coefficient [coef.] -4.3, CI: -7.0 to -1.6) and mental (coef. -3.2, CI: -5.5 to -0.8) HRQoL when compared with CCS with normal hearing. Tinnitus was associated with impaired physical (coef. -8.2, CI: -11.8 to -4.7) and mental (coef. -5.9, CI: -8.8 to -3.1) HRQoL. CONCLUSION We observed reduced HRQoL among CCS with hearing loss and tinnitus. Our findings indicate timely treatment of hearing loss and tinnitus may contribute to quality of life of survivors. IMPLICATIONS FOR CANCER SURVIVORS CCS who experience auditory complications should be counseled about possible therapeutic and supportive measures during follow-up care

The Grizzly, October 6, 1992

Amen, It\u27s Over!: Congratulations to the Sorority Pledge Classes of 1992 • New Party Policies • UC Grad Makes Scientific Breakthrough • Freedom of Press Forum • A Night to Remember • Berman To Exhibit Oriental Photographs • Homecoming Queen Nominees • A Need for RICO • Letter to the Editor • Men\u27s Cross-Country Fights Tough Competitionhttps://digitalcommons.ursinus.edu/grizzlynews/1300/thumbnail.jp

The Grizzly, November 24, 1992

Demas\u27s Furious Presentation • Possibility of AIDS Quilt at Ursinus • Lewis Receives the Muhlenberg Award • Share the Season • Clergy Assembly Held At U.C. • Senior Profile: Rick Naratil • Concert Band and Jazz Ensemble Perform Fall Concert • Messiah Tickets • Denis Leary\u27s No Cure For Cancer Breath of Fresh Air • Libo Speaks on Voyages to Freedom Exhibit • The Pointlessness of Political Correctness • Letters: Clark Responds to Christ on Campus ; Handicapped Accessibility: A Response From Someone Who Knows • Bears Basketball Buckles Under • Cross-Country Finishes Unbeaten Seasonhttps://digitalcommons.ursinus.edu/grizzlynews/1306/thumbnail.jp