Designing Competition Policy for Telecommunications

This paper explores the role of the essential facilities doctrine in circumscribing the scope of network sharing obligations in telecommunications. Among other things it argues that a proper application of the doctrine of essential facilities should recognize the prominence of dynamic over static efficiency in promoting consumer welfare. Regulators may be averse to recognizing these tradeoffs because unlike the behavior of prices the welfare losses from foregone innovation may be unobservable to the regulators’ constituency. Moreover, an emphasis on dynamic efficiency requires the short-term regulator to take the “long view” – fostering the competitive process rather than emulating the competitive outcome.

Using Organic Modeling Techniques to Create Scientific Models for Flow Analysis in Biomechanical Research: Exploring 3-D software typically used in creative media for model creation.

Biomedical Engineering research utilizes digital three-dimensional models of human anatomical systems that are used as components in specific types of simulation. The data collected from the simulations provide quantifiable information that has a physical basis. The use of the digital models allows engineers the freedom of experimentation that may not be possible in the real world and allows them to quickly change the parameters. Although these models can provide reliable information, the models represent a mechanical ideal and therefore do not accurately represent organic matter. The consequence of using an ideal model to represent tissue may give flawed data, since the mechanical simulation does not identically represent living tissue. The purpose of this thesis was to develop the methodology and actual creation of a three-dimensional model that was a physically accurate representation of organic lung acinar tissue. The objective is to have the model input into analytical software that will calculate the flow dynamics of the organic tissue represented by the model. Specifically, the model represents alveolar ducts in lung tissue. The model starts from the transitional bronchioles through the alveolar ducts and ends at the terminal alveolar sacs. Creating this model was challenging due to the microscopic size and inherent density of the tissue, making it difficult to determine structure

Vertical motions in the equatorial middle atmosphere

A single station vertical velocity equation which considers ageostrophic and diabatic effects derived from the first law of thermodynamics and a generalized thermal wind relation is presented. An analysis and verification procedure which accounts for measurement and calculation errors as well as time and space continuity arguments and theoretical predictions are described. Vertical velocities are calculated at every kilometer between 25 and 60 km and for approximately every three hours for the above diurnal period at Kourou (French Guiana), Fort Sherman (Panama Canal Zone), Ascension Island, Antigua (British West Indies) and Natal (Brazil). The results, plotted as time series cross sections, suggest vertical motions ranging in magnitude from 1 or 2 cm/sec at 30 km to as much as 15 cm/sec at 60 km. Many of the general features of the results agree well with atmospheric tidal predictions but many particular features suggest that both smaller time scale gravity waves (periods less than 6 hours) and synoptic type waves (periods greater than 1 day) may be interacting significantly with the tidal fields. The results suggest that vertical motions can be calculated for the equatorial middle atmosphere and must be considered a significant part of the motion for time scales from 8 to 24 hours

Admissibility of Co-Conspirator Statements in a Post-Crawford World

This Article takes the position that co-conspirator statements must be examined on a case-by-case basis to determine whether they are testimonial and thus subject to exclusion under the Confrontation Clause. Further, in light of the fact that the author of the majority opinions in Crawford and Davis was Justice Antonin Scalia, this Article examines whether interpreting the Sixth Amendment as a bar to the admission of certain coconspirator statements would violate an originalist interpretation of that provision. The conclusion reached is that it would not. In the current era of ever-narrowing rights for criminal defendants, reaffirming the law\u27s commitment to this one layer of protection whenever warranted seems to be the least we can do to promote justice

Non-exclusionary input prices

This paper models a vertically-integrated provider that is a monopoly supplier of an input that is essential for downstream production. An input price that is “too high” can lead to inefficient foreclosure and one that is “too low” creates incentives for non-price discrimination. The range of non-exclusionary input prices is circumscribed by the input prices generated on the basis of upper-bound and lower-bound displacement ratios. The admissible range of the ratio of downstream to upstream price-cost margins is increasing in the degree of product differentiation and reduces to a single ratio in the limit as the products become perfectly homogeneous