PyrrolylBODIPYs: Syntheses, Properties, and Application as Environment-Sensitive Fluorescence Probes

Four pyrrole <b>B</b>-ring-functionalized pyrrolylBODIPYs and their <b>B</b>-ring unsubstituted analogues were synthesized from easily accessible starting 5-halo-2-formylpyrroles and were characterized by nuclear magnetic resonance, high-resolution mass spectrometry, X-ray analysis, and optical/electronic properties. In great contrast to the substitution(s) at the other two pyrrolic units, electron-donating substituent(s) at pyrrole <b>B</b>-ring bring significant blue shift of the absorption and emission bands. Cyclic voltammetry and density functional theory calculations indicate that this blue shift may be attributed to the increased highest occupied molecular orbital and the lowest unoccupied molecular orbital energy levels and the overall increase in the energy band gaps. These pyrrolylBODIPYs generally show intense absorption (centered at 570–624 nm) and fluorescence emission (582–654 nm) in nonpolar solvents. A gradual decrease in the fluorescence intensity was observed for these dyes with the increase in solvent dipolar moment, which combines with the red to far-red absorption/emission, rendering these pyrrolylBODIPYs potential applications as environment-sensitive fluorescence probes as demonstrated in this work for bovine serum albumin

A DP-like transcription factor protein interacts with E2fl1 to regulate meiosis in <i>Tetrahymena thermophila</i>

<p>Evolutionarily conserved E2F family transcription factors regulate the cell cycle via controlling gene expression in a wide range of eukaryotes. We previously demonstrated that the meiosis-specific transcription factor E2fl1 had an important role in meiosis in the model ciliate <i>Tetrahymena thermophila</i>. Here, we report that expression of another E2F family transcription factor gene <i>DPL2</i> correlates highly with that of <i>E2FL1</i>. Similar to <i>e2fl1</i>Δ cells, <i>dpl2</i>Δ cells undergo meiotic arrest prior to anaphase I, with the five chromosomes adopting an abnormal tandem arrangement. Immunofluorescence staining and immunoprecipitation experiments demonstrate that Dpl2 and E2fl1 form a complex during meiosis. We previously identified several meiotic regulatory proteins in <i>T. thermophila</i>. Cyc2 and Tcdk3 may cooperate to initiate meiosis and Cyc17 is essential for initiating meiotic anaphase. We investigate the relationship of these regulators with Dpl2 and E2fl1, and then construct a meiotic regulatory network by measuring changes in meiotic genes expression in knockout cells. We conclude that the E2fl1/Dpl2 complex plays a central role in meiosis in <i>T. thermophila.</i></p

PyrrolylBODIPYs: Syntheses, Properties, and Application as Environment-Sensitive Fluorescence Probes

Four pyrrole <b>B</b>-ring-functionalized pyrrolylBODIPYs and their <b>B</b>-ring unsubstituted analogues were synthesized from easily accessible starting 5-halo-2-formylpyrroles and were characterized by nuclear magnetic resonance, high-resolution mass spectrometry, X-ray analysis, and optical/electronic properties. In great contrast to the substitution(s) at the other two pyrrolic units, electron-donating substituent(s) at pyrrole <b>B</b>-ring bring significant blue shift of the absorption and emission bands. Cyclic voltammetry and density functional theory calculations indicate that this blue shift may be attributed to the increased highest occupied molecular orbital and the lowest unoccupied molecular orbital energy levels and the overall increase in the energy band gaps. These pyrrolylBODIPYs generally show intense absorption (centered at 570–624 nm) and fluorescence emission (582–654 nm) in nonpolar solvents. A gradual decrease in the fluorescence intensity was observed for these dyes with the increase in solvent dipolar moment, which combines with the red to far-red absorption/emission, rendering these pyrrolylBODIPYs potential applications as environment-sensitive fluorescence probes as demonstrated in this work for bovine serum albumin

PyrrolylBODIPYs: Syntheses, Properties, and Application as Environment-Sensitive Fluorescence Probes

Four pyrrole <b>B</b>-ring-functionalized pyrrolylBODIPYs and their <b>B</b>-ring unsubstituted analogues were synthesized from easily accessible starting 5-halo-2-formylpyrroles and were characterized by nuclear magnetic resonance, high-resolution mass spectrometry, X-ray analysis, and optical/electronic properties. In great contrast to the substitution(s) at the other two pyrrolic units, electron-donating substituent(s) at pyrrole <b>B</b>-ring bring significant blue shift of the absorption and emission bands. Cyclic voltammetry and density functional theory calculations indicate that this blue shift may be attributed to the increased highest occupied molecular orbital and the lowest unoccupied molecular orbital energy levels and the overall increase in the energy band gaps. These pyrrolylBODIPYs generally show intense absorption (centered at 570–624 nm) and fluorescence emission (582–654 nm) in nonpolar solvents. A gradual decrease in the fluorescence intensity was observed for these dyes with the increase in solvent dipolar moment, which combines with the red to far-red absorption/emission, rendering these pyrrolylBODIPYs potential applications as environment-sensitive fluorescence probes as demonstrated in this work for bovine serum albumin

Additional file 1 of Is there any way to increase consumers’ purchase intention regarding surplus food blind-boxes? An exploratory study

Supplementary Material

Cyc17, a meiosis-specific cyclin, is essential for anaphase initiation and chromosome segregation in <i>Tetrahymena thermophila</i>

<p>Although the role of cyclins in controlling nuclear division is well established, their function in ciliate meiosis remains unknown. In ciliates, the cyclin family has undergone massive expansion which suggests that diverse cell cycle systems exist, and this warrants further investigation. A screen for cyclins in the model ciliate <i>Tetrahymena thermophila</i> showed that there are 34 cyclins in this organism. Only 1 cyclin, Cyc17, contains the complete cyclin core and is specifically expressed during meiosis. Deletion of <i>CYC17</i> led to meiotic arrest at the diakinesis-like metaphase I stage. Expression of genes involved in DNA metabolism and chromosome organization (chromatin remodeling and basic chromosomal structure) was repressed in <i>cyc17</i> knockout matings. Further investigation suggested that Cyc17 is involved in regulating spindle pole attachment, and is thus essential for chromosome segregation at meiosis. These findings suggest a simple model in which chromosome segregation is influenced by Cyc17.</p

Cyc17, a meiosis-specific cyclin, is essential for anaphase initiation and chromosome segregation in <i>Tetrahymena thermophila</i>

<p>Although the role of cyclins in controlling nuclear division is well established, their function in ciliate meiosis remains unknown. In ciliates, the cyclin family has undergone massive expansion which suggests that diverse cell cycle systems exist, and this warrants further investigation. A screen for cyclins in the model ciliate <i>Tetrahymena thermophila</i> showed that there are 34 cyclins in this organism. Only 1 cyclin, Cyc17, contains the complete cyclin core and is specifically expressed during meiosis. Deletion of <i>CYC17</i> led to meiotic arrest at the diakinesis-like metaphase I stage. Expression of genes involved in DNA metabolism and chromosome organization (chromatin remodeling and basic chromosomal structure) was repressed in <i>cyc17</i> knockout matings. Further investigation suggested that Cyc17 is involved in regulating spindle pole attachment, and is thus essential for chromosome segregation at meiosis. These findings suggest a simple model in which chromosome segregation is influenced by Cyc17.</p

Changes in serum Ca, PHOS2 and PTH during pregnancy (n = 50).

<p>Data are presented as boxplots. Serum Ca levels of the 2^nd and the 3^rd trimester were significantly lower than the 1^st trimester (p = 0.000), and with no changes during the latter two trimesters (p = 0.334) (A). No significant changes were observed in levels of PHOS2 (p = 0.288) (B) and PTH (p>0.279) (C) during pregnancy. Ca, calcium; PHOS2, phosphate; PTH, parathyroid hormone; •, outliers; ○, extreme values.</p

Changes of vitamin D status during pregnancy.

<p>Abbreviation: 25(OH)D, 25-hydroxyvitamin D.</p><p>25(OH)D≤50, vitamin D deficiency; 50<25(OH)D<75, vitamin D insufficiency; 25(OH)D≥75, vitamin D sufficiency;</p><p>*, p<0.01 compared to the 2^nd and the 3^rd trimester.</p

Direct Synthesis of Dipyrrolyldipyrrins from S_NAr Reaction on 1,9-Dihalodipyrrins with Pyrroles and Their NIR Fluorescence “Turn-On” Response to Zn²⁺

A set of dipyrrolyldipyrrins have been efficiently synthesized from a direct S_NAr reaction on 1,9-dihalodipyrrins with pyrroles and show intense absorption in the NIR region (650–800 nm, as HCl salts). Substituents on both 1,9-dihalodipyrrins and pyrroles greatly affected the reactivity of this S_NAr reaction and the absorption properties of the resultant dipyrrolyldipyrrins. These dipyrrolyldipyrrins show sensitive and selective “turn-on” fluorescence response toward Zn²⁺