Optimizing the Bio-Synthesis of Silver and Ferrous Oxide Nanoparticles Using Marsilea quadrifolia (L.) Leaf Extract

Bio-mediated nanoparticle synthesis is a ‘green’ environmental friendly process. The present study investigates bio-synthesis of silver (Ag) nanoparticles (NPs) and Ferrous Oxide (FeO) nanoparticles using leaf extract of Marsilea quadrifolia, a noxious weed in rice fields worldwide. Optimal synthesis of AgNPs and FeONPs with desirable concentrations of Silver Nitrate and Ferrous Nitrate and different quantities of the plant extract was investigated under room temperature. Characterization of NPs was carried out using ultraviolet–visible spectroscopy, (SEM) Scanning Electron Microscope. To determine the appropriate concentrations for AgNPs and FeONPs synthesis, different dilution series of Silver Nitrate and Ferrous Nitrate were reacted with M. quadrifolia leaf extract at 1:1, 1:2, 1:3 ratios respectively, under room temperature condition. For the extraction, 8g of M. quadrifolia dried leaf samples were used and extraction was done by using deionized water. The results showed that plant extract and salt mixed ratios have a significant effect on yield of synthesized AgNPs and FeONPs. The best ratio of plant extract and AgNO3 is 1:1 to optimize the production of AgNPs. The temperature range 60-80oC promotes higher AgNPs production comparative to the room temperature. Similar observations were recorded with FeONPs. M. diplotricha leaf extract is an effective source for AgNPs and FeONPs production.&nbsp

Neural tube defects in four Shetland sheepdog puppies: clinical characterisation and computed tomography investigation

Case report Here we report on the occurrence of neural tube defects in four related Shetland sheepdog puppies. Neural tube defects present as a range of congenital malformations affecting the spine, skull and associated structures. Despite the severity of these malformations and their relatively high prevalence in humans, the aetiology is not well understood. It is even less well characterised in veterinary medicine. Affected puppies were investigated using computed tomography and then post-mortem examination. Computed tomography identified a range of brain and spine abnormalities in the affected animals, including caudal anencephaly, encephalocele, spina bifida and malformed vertebrae. Other observed abnormalities in these puppies, including cranioschisis, atresia ani and hydrocephalus, may be secondary to, or associated with, the primary neural tube defects identified. Conclusion This case report describes multiple related cases of neural tube defects in an Australian cohort of dogs. This study also highlights the potential of advanced imaging techniques in identifying congenital anomalies in stillborn and neonatal puppies. Further research is required to investigate the aetiology of neural tube defects in this group of affected Shetland sheepdogs