Consumer Patronage Behaviour Toward Shopping Areas: A Modification And Extension Of Huff\u27s Probabilistic Model Of Retail Gravitation

With the increasing construction and expansion of shopping centres, and the emergence of integrated downtown shopping retail cores, consumers are likely to be attracted more and more to such organized shopping areas. The need to understand consumer spatial shopping behaviour toward shopping areas is apparent.;Huff\u27s model of retail gravitation has been commonly used to predict consumer patronage patterns. This thesis focuses on modifying Huff\u27s model to include the concept of choice set in the competitive system. The new model, called a proposed model, is also extended to include the effects of specific products/services, specific store, and shopping area image.;Data for the empirical testing were collected from a large scale survey of 823 shoppers in the City of London. The survey involved completing an 8-page questionnaire and keeping a two-week shopping diary. A usable sample of 482 cases was achieved, representing 58.6 percent of total participants.;The proposed model, the specific product/service, specific store and image construct were tested on the patronage behaviour of consumers with regard to trip and dollar expenditure in the non-downtown most-shopped area (NDT MSA) and Downtown through a set of seven hypotheses.;The results showed that the proposed model was very much superior to Huff\u27s model for predicting and explaining trip and expenditure behaviour of consumers toward shopping areas. The specific product/service and store variables did not improve the proposed model. The image construct was found not to affect shopping behaviour for the NDT MSA, but two components of the image construct for Downtown--operational and facilitative factors--were associated with variations in trip and expenditure behaviour. Both components were also found to improve on the proposed model.;The study strongly underlined the usefulness of applying the choice set concept in the proposed model. The mass-distance construct was shown to explain an even higher proportion of variance of trip and expenditure behaviour using the proposed model

Atrasentan and renal events in patients with type 2 diabetes and chronic kidney disease (SONAR): a double-blind, randomised, placebo-controlled trial

Background: Short-term treatment for people with type 2 diabetes using a low dose of the selective endothelin A receptor antagonist atrasentan reduces albuminuria without causing significant sodium retention. We report the long-term effects of treatment with atrasentan on major renal outcomes. Methods: We did this double-blind, randomised, placebo-controlled trial at 689 sites in 41 countries. We enrolled adults aged 18–85 years with type 2 diabetes, estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR)25–75 mL/min per 1·73 m 2 of body surface area, and a urine albumin-to-creatinine ratio (UACR)of 300–5000 mg/g who had received maximum labelled or tolerated renin–angiotensin system inhibition for at least 4 weeks. Participants were given atrasentan 0·75 mg orally daily during an enrichment period before random group assignment. Those with a UACR decrease of at least 30% with no substantial fluid retention during the enrichment period (responders)were included in the double-blind treatment period. Responders were randomly assigned to receive either atrasentan 0·75 mg orally daily or placebo. All patients and investigators were masked to treatment assignment. The primary endpoint was a composite of doubling of serum creatinine (sustained for ≥30 days)or end-stage kidney disease (eGFR <15 mL/min per 1·73 m 2 sustained for ≥90 days, chronic dialysis for ≥90 days, kidney transplantation, or death from kidney failure)in the intention-to-treat population of all responders. Safety was assessed in all patients who received at least one dose of their assigned study treatment. The study is registered with ClinicalTrials.gov, number NCT01858532. Findings: Between May 17, 2013, and July 13, 2017, 11 087 patients were screened; 5117 entered the enrichment period, and 4711 completed the enrichment period. Of these, 2648 patients were responders and were randomly assigned to the atrasentan group (n=1325)or placebo group (n=1323). Median follow-up was 2·2 years (IQR 1·4–2·9). 79 (6·0%)of 1325 patients in the atrasentan group and 105 (7·9%)of 1323 in the placebo group had a primary composite renal endpoint event (hazard ratio [HR]0·65 [95% CI 0·49–0·88]; p=0·0047). Fluid retention and anaemia adverse events, which have been previously attributed to endothelin receptor antagonists, were more frequent in the atrasentan group than in the placebo group. Hospital admission for heart failure occurred in 47 (3·5%)of 1325 patients in the atrasentan group and 34 (2·6%)of 1323 patients in the placebo group (HR 1·33 [95% CI 0·85–2·07]; p=0·208). 58 (4·4%)patients in the atrasentan group and 52 (3·9%)in the placebo group died (HR 1·09 [95% CI 0·75–1·59]; p=0·65). Interpretation: Atrasentan reduced the risk of renal events in patients with diabetes and chronic kidney disease who were selected to optimise efficacy and safety. These data support a potential role for selective endothelin receptor antagonists in protecting renal function in patients with type 2 diabetes at high risk of developing end-stage kidney disease. Funding: AbbVie

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