A National Survey of Private Crime Commissions

Privatization is one of the most significant emerging issues in public administration. Studies of the phenomenon in the area of criminal justice have concentrated on greater private sector involvement in corrections (e.g., Camp and Camp, 1984; Mullen, Chabotar and Carrow, 1984) and policing (e.g., Shearing and Stenning, 1981)

Perceived Effectiveness of the Chicago Crime Commission, 1980-1985: Insiders and Outsiders

This study examines the perceived effectiveness of the oldest and most famous citizens\u27 crime commission in the United States--the Chicago Crime Commission.l The commission\u27s effectiveness is measured by the perceptions of influential criminal justice decisionmakers and policymakers

Treating methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus with the drug vancomycin in a home infusion therapy setting

The basic purpose of this paper is to examine the effects the home infusion therapy has on the cost, duration of, and effectiveness of treatment between those individuals under 60 and those 60 and over. The results show that those 60 and over had a slightly higher cost/day. The older age group had slightly smaller treatment duration, then the younger group. The number of adverse effects was small. The results suggest that home infusion therapy appears to be a viable alternative to hospitalization

Abortive Infektion von Hamsterzellen mit menschlichem Adenovirus Typ 12: Untersuchungen zur frühen Infektionsphase und Komplementierung des DNA-Replikationsblockes

Adenovirus Typ 12 (Ad12) infiziert Hamsterzellen abortiv. Diese Eigenschaft wird als eine der Hauptfaktoren für die hohe Onkogenität des Virus in neugeborenen Syrischen Hamstern gesehen. Wir konnten bereits in früheren Arbeiten zeigen, dass die virale DNA Replikation sowie eine effiziente Transkription später Ad12 Gene in Syrischen Hamsterzellen geblockt ist. Einige der frühen Ad12 Funktionen werden in diesem System zwar transkribiert, aber auf sehr niedrigem Niveau. In der vorliegenden Arbeit demonstrieren wir, dass der Import von Ad12 DNA in die Kerne von BHK21 Hamsterzellen nicht auszureichen scheint, um Ad12 DNA Replikation zu initiieren. Quantitative Analysen des Ad12 DNA Importes in die Zellkerne zeigten nur geringfügige Mengen von Ad12 DNA Genomen in den Kernen von Ad12 infizierten Hamsterzellen im Vergleich zu den produktiv infizierten Zellsystemen, HeLa x Ad12, HeLa x Ad2 und BHK21 x Ad2. Die unzureichende Aufnahme von Ad12 könnte in einer reduzierten Expression der frühen Ad12 Gene in Ad12-infizierten BHK21 Zellen resultieren, welche nicht in der Lage ist, Ad12 DNA Replikation durchzuführen. Erst die Überexpression des menschlichen CAR (hCAR) Gens in BHK21 Zellen erlaubte eine wirkungsvolle Ad12 Aufnahme und effektiven Ad12 DNA Transport in die Kerne der Hamsterzellen. Die importierten Ad12 DNA Mengen waren vergleichbar denen der produktiven Infektionssysteme. Der erhöhte Import von Ad12 in hCAR exprimierenden BHK21 Zellen führt sogar zu mäßiger Ad12 DNA Replikation sowie zur Transkription früher und später Ad12 Gene. Die Überexpression des E1A Gens von Ad12 oder Ad2 bewirkt ebenfalls die Ad12 DNA Replikation kompletter Ad12 Genome, vermutlich hervorgerufen durch die Aktivierung der Ad12-pTP Transkription. Interessanterweise kann der Ad12 DNA Replikationsblock in BHK21 Zellen alleine durch die Überexpression des pTP-Gens überkommen werden, ohne dass dabei der Ad12 DNA Kernimport erhöht wird. Letztlich konnte aber nur in dem hCAR komplementierten Zellsystem eine Synthese des späten Ad12 Fiberproteins beobachtet werden. Die geringfügige Aufnahme von Ad12 durch Syrische Hamsterzellen spielt somit eine wichtige Schlüsselrolle bei der abortiven Interaktion von Ad12 mit Hamsterzellen. Der schlechte Import erklärt also die geringe Expression früher Ad12 Gene, die folglich zum Block der Ad12 DNA Replikation und zur nicht vorhandenen Transkription später Gene führt

Mechanisms of the negative shortwave cloud feedback in mid to high latitudes

Increases in cloud optical depth and liquid water path (LWP) are robust features of global warming model simulations in high latitudes, yielding a negative shortwave cloud feedback, but the mechanisms are still uncertain. We assess the importance of microphysical processes for the negative optical depth feedback by perturbing temperature in the microphysics schemes of two aquaplanet models, both of which have separate prognostic equations for liquid water and ice. We find that most of the LWP increase with warming is caused by a suppression of ice microphysical processes in mixed-phase clouds, resulting in reduced conversion efficiencies of liquid water to ice and precipitation. Perturbing the temperature-dependent phase partitioning of convective condensate also yields a small LWP increase. Together, the perturbations in large-scale microphysics and convective condensate partitioning explain more than two-thirds of the LWP response relative to a reference case with increased SSTs, and capture all of the vertical structure of the liquid water response. In support of these findings, we show the existence of a very robust positive relationship between monthly-mean LWP and temperature in CMIP5 models and observations in mixed-phase cloud regions only. In models, the historical LWP sensitivity to temperature is a good predictor of the forced global warming response poleward of about 45°, although models appear to overestimate the LWP response to warming compared to observations. We conclude that in climate models, the suppression of ice-phase microphysical processes that deplete cloud liquid water is a key driver of the LWP increase with warming and of the associated negative shortwave cloud feedback

The effect of environmental initiatives on NASA specifications and standards activities

The NASA Operational Environment Team (NOET) has conducted a survey of NASA centers specifications and standards that require the use of Ozone Depleting Substances (ODS's) (Chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs), Halons, and chlorinated solvents). The results of this survey are presented here, along with a pathfinder approach utilized at Marshall Space Flight Center (MSFC) to eliminate the use of ODS's in targeted specifications and standards. Presented here are the lessons learned from a pathfinder effort to replace CFC-113 in a significant MSFC specification for cleaning and cleanliness verification methods for oxygen, fuel and pneumatic service, including Shuttle propulsion elements

A Review of Explicit and Implicit Propositions About Women as Terrorists

The purpose of this paper on women as terrorists is threefold. The first aim is to examine a portion of the existing literature in order to identify explicit and implicit propositions and hypotheses about the causal dynamics involved in female terrorism. The second is to make a critical examination of these propositions and hypotheses and to categorize the nature of prevailing explanations of women as terrorists. Finally, the policy implications of the various approaches to explaining female involvement in terrorist activities are examined

Chemical Analysis of Fish Tissue: Kentucky Army National Guard Wendell H. Ford Western Kentucky Training Site, Muhlenberg County, Kentucky

Thirty-one analytes were measured in fish tissue taken from largemouth bass, catfish, and bluegill harvested from lakes and ponds in reclaimed and unreclaimed coal-mine spoil of Pennsylvanian age. The spoil area is approximately 7,756 acres created primarily from surface mining, and has been used in increasing intensity since 1969 as a training site by the Kentucky Army National Guard. Four fish were harvested for analysis from the area of unreclaimed spoil that resulted from mining prior to 1977, and 15 fish were harvested for analysis from the part of the training facility that was reclaimed by 1985. Twenty-six analytes had values above the method reporting limit, and only one sample, L15-8A, had a mercury concentration of 1.22 mg/kg. This concentration is slightly above the federal Food and Drug Administration action concentration level of 1 mg/kg