Стилистический эффект разговорной речи и его составляющие

В обучении русскому языку как иностранному на современном этапе большое внимание уделяется особенностям русской разговорной речи. Это обусловлено целым рядом причин, среди которых, на наш взгляд, можно выделить следующие: во-первых, разговорная речь всегда отличается активностью проникновения во все сферы жизнедеятельности людей и функционирует как в повседневном общении, так и в различных сферах (литературе, кино, политике и т.д.). Во-вторых, разговорная речь носит многожанровый характер, что зачастую затрудняет ее понимание иностранными студентами. В-третьих, в разговорную речь помимо слов нейтрального стиля все активнее стала проникать арготическая лексика. Именно в связи с этим особый интерес у нас вызывает разговорный стиль речи в преломлении на инофонную аудиторию

Half-life of transferred 2G12 in macaque serum.

<p>The data represents the half-life (t_1/2) of serum 2G12 determined from data in three different ELISA formats over a period of three weeks following <i>i.v</i>. transfer of 40 mg/kg of 2G12. The half-life of transferred 2G12 ranged between 7.2 and 15.6 days in the 5 macaques with a somewhat shorter half-life observed in animal 01038. The average half-life of all animals as measured in the three ELISA formats is about 11 days. The half-life of 2G12 in rhesus macaques has previously been noted as about 13 days <a href="http://www.plospathogens.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.ppat.1000433#ppat.1000433-Mascola1" target="_blank">[5]</a>.</p

Plasma viral loads following SHIV_SF162P3 vaginal challenge of 2G12-treated and control macaques.

<p>A total of nine female Indian rhesus macaques were divided into treatment groups of five animals for <i>i.v.</i> administration of 2G12, two animals to receive the isotype control (Dengue anti-NS1, DEN3), and two additional controls were challenged prior to the beginning of the protection study to confirm viral fitness, but were not treated with antibody. In (A) two 2G12-treated (40 mg/kg) animals became infected: 90154 reached peak viremia of 2×10⁷ on day 21 similar to controls; 95113 showed a one-week delay of infection onset and peak viremia was lower at 5×10⁶. The remaining three 2G12-treated animals were protected against infection and showed no measurable viremia. In (B) all 4 control animals experienced peak viremia between 1×10⁷ and 4×10⁷ on day 21. The quantity of SIV viral RNA genomic copy equivalents (vRNA copy Eq/ml) in EDTA-anticoagulated plasma was determined using quantitative RT PCR <a href="http://www.plospathogens.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.ppat.1000433#ppat.1000433-Friedrich1" target="_blank">[52]</a>. The assay minimum detection is 150 copies of vRNA Eq/ml (2.1 log) with a 99% confidence level.</p

Comparison of b12 and 2G12 transudated to the vagina following intravenous administration.

<p>Each antibody treatment group consisted of three female Indian Rhesus macaques which were <i>i.v.</i>-administered 5 mg/kg of either b12 or 2G12 following Depo-provera treatment. Vaginal secretions from each animal were absorbed to cellulose wicks. A set of 3 samples per animal was taken at 6 hours, 12 hours, 24 hours, 4 days, and 7 days post <i>i.v.</i> antibody administration. The concentration of antibody in mucosal secretions was determined by ELISA from the clarified supernatant extracted from the wicks. Resulting data were compared to the corresponding antibody standard curve using nonlinear regression. Arithmetic means and standard deviations were calculated for each set of triplicate samples per animal. Data points were calculated from all animals at each timepoint and error bars represent the standard error of means. The typical time for viral challenge in protection experiments is indicated. The differences in the mean concentrations of b12 and 2G12 at each timepoint were evaluated in a student's t test and determined to be non-significant. Analyses performed in GraphPad Prism Software for Mac, Version 5.0a.</p

Comparison of SHIV neutralization by b12 and 2G12 in rhesus PBMC-based and pseudovirus luciferase reporter gene assays.

<p>The selection of SHIV_SF162P3 for the protection study was based on the results of 2G12 neutralization of rhesus PBMCs and pseudovirus assays against the panel shown.</p

MHC genotyping of macaques against MHC Class Ι alleles.

<p>Macaque samples were tested against a panel of nine MHC class Ι alleles that have previously been shown to be important in SIV epitope presentation or increased resistance to SIV infection <a href="http://www.plospathogens.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.ppat.1000433#ppat.1000433-Yant1" target="_blank">[24]</a>,<a href="http://www.plospathogens.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.ppat.1000433#ppat.1000433-Kaizu1" target="_blank">[25]</a>,<a href="http://www.plospathogens.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.ppat.1000433#ppat.1000433-Loffredo1" target="_blank">[26]</a>. The alleles are: <i>Mamu-A*01</i>, <i>Mamu-A*02</i>, <i>Mamu-A*08</i>, <i>Mamu-A*11, Mamu-B*01</i>, <i>Mamu-B*03</i>, <i>Mamu-B*04, Mamu-B*08, and Mamu-B*17</i>. Animal 90140 is positive for <i>Mamu-A*01</i> and animal 95066 was determined to carry the <i>Mamu-B*01</i> allele. <i>Mamu-A*01</i> has been associated with moderate control of SIVmac239 replication <a href="http://www.plospathogens.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.ppat.1000433#ppat.1000433-Zhang1" target="_blank">[29]</a>,<a href="http://www.plospathogens.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.ppat.1000433#ppat.1000433-Mothe1" target="_blank">[30]</a>. <i>Mamu-B*01</i> remains on the panel based on early reports of SIV-derived epitopes <a href="http://www.plospathogens.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.ppat.1000433#ppat.1000433-Yasutomi1" target="_blank">[31]</a>,<a href="http://www.plospathogens.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.ppat.1000433#ppat.1000433-Su1" target="_blank">[32]</a>, but subsequent studies show that <i>Mamu-B*01</i> does not bind SIV-derived epitopes and has no effect on SIV disease progression <a href="http://www.plospathogens.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.ppat.1000433#ppat.1000433-Loffredo1" target="_blank">[26]</a>. <b>^{P, N, I, C}</b> denotes protected, non-protected, isotype control, and non-antibody treated control animals, respectively.</p

Comparison of antibody-dependent cell-mediated viral inhibition (ADCVI) by 2G12 and b12.

<p>Target cells (CEM.NKR-CCR5) were infected with SHIV_SF162P3 and incubated for 48 hours, washed to remove cell-free virus and combined with Rhesus PBMC effector cells and serially diluted antibody. Viral inhibition was measured after incubation for 7 days. 2G12 is somewhat less effective than b12 in mediating ADCVI for a strict concentration comparison. An unpaired Two-tailed t test (P = 0.3285) of b12 and 2G12 ADCVI with an F test comparison of variance reveals no significant difference (P = 0.4154). Analysis performed in GraphPad Prism Software for Mac, Version 5.0a.</p

2G12 serum antibody concentrations following passive administration.

<p>The concentrations of transferred 2G12 in the serum of all experimental animals on the day of challenge (day 0) and during the following three weeks were determined by ELISA using three different formats. For each animal, the results from the different ELISA formats are shown in separate columns. The concentrations of 2G12 in the macaque sera were determined from the measurement of binding to monomeric JR-FL (gp120), to an immobilized synthetic oligomannose dendron conjugated to BSA <a href="http://www.plospathogens.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.ppat.1000433#ppat.1000433-Wang1" target="_blank">[21]</a> (Man4D), and to a highly specific anti-idiotype-2G12 antibody (MIgG1 L13) <a href="http://www.plospathogens.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.ppat.1000433#ppat.1000433-Roux2" target="_blank">[23]</a> (anti-id). In all formats, a dilution series of serum was compared to a 2G12 standard curve and the concentration determined using a nonlinear regression curve fit analysis performed in GraphPad Prism Software for Mac, Version 5.0a.</p

N332-Directed Broadly Neutralizing Antibodies Use Diverse Modes of HIV-1 Recognition: Inferences from Heavy-Light Chain Complementation of Function

<div><p>Dozens of broadly neutralizing HIV-1 antibodies have been isolated in the last few years from the sera of HIV-1-infected individuals. Only a limited number of regions on the HIV-1 spike, however, are recognized by these antibodies. One of these regions (N332) is characterized by an <i>N</i>-linked glycan at residue 332 on HIV-1 gp120 and is recognized by antibody 2G12 and by the recently reported antibodies PGT121-137, the latter isolated from three donors. To investigate the diversity in mode of antibody recognition at the N332 site, we used functional complementation between antibody heavy and light chains as a means of assessing similarity in mode of recognition. We examined a matrix of 12 PGT-heavy chains with each of 12 PGT-light chains. Expression in 96-well format for the 144 antibodies (132 chimeric and 12 wild-type) was generally consistent (58±10 µg/ml). In contrast, recognition of HIV-1 gp120 was bimodal: when the source of heavy and light chains was from the same donor, recognition was good; when sources of heavy and light chains were from different donors, recognition was poor. Moreover, neutralization of HIV-1 strains SF162.LS and TRO.11 generally followed patterns of gp120 recognition. These results are consistent with published sequence, mutational, and structural findings, all of which indicate that N332-directed neutralizing antibodies from different donors utilize different modes of recognition, and provide support for a correlation between functional complementation of antibody heavy and light chains and similarity in antibody mode of recognition. Overall, our results add to the growing body of evidence that the human immune system is capable of recognizing the N332-region of HIV-1 gp120 in diverse ways.</p> </div

Heavy and light chain nucleotide sequence diversity derived from phylogenetic analysis of PGT121-137 antibodies.

<p>Neighbor-joining (NJ) method was used to calculate the dendrogram. Antibody branches are color-coded according to donors with putative V and J genes labeled under the donor specification.</p