La sorprendente resiliencia de la democracia

Against widespread perceptions, the authors argue that democracy has proven remarkably resilient in the twenty-first century. Fears of a “reverse wave” or a global “authoritarian resurgence” have yet to be borne out. The vast majority of “third wave” democracies—those that adopted democratic institutions between 1975 and 2000—have long outlived the favorable global conditions that enabled their creation. The authors attribute the resilience of third-wave democracies after the demise of the liberal West's post–Cold War hegemony to economic development and urbanization, and also to the difficulty of consolidating and sustaining an emergent authoritarian regime under competitive political conditions.En este artículo los autores sostienen que, a pesar de las percepciones generalizadas, la democracia ha demostrado ser notablemente resiliente en el siglo XXI. Los temores de una “ola inversa” o de un “resurgimiento autoritario” mundial aún no se han confirmado. La gran mayoría de las democracias de la “tercera ola” (aquellas que adoptaron instituciones democráticas entre 1975 y 2000) han sobrevivido durante mucho tiempo a las condiciones globales favorables que permitieron su creación. Según los autores, esta resiliencia de las democracias de la tercera ola después de la desaparición de la hegemonía del Occidente liberal posterior a la Guerra Fría se debe al desarrollo económico y la urbanización, así como a la dificultad de consolidar y sostener un régimen autoritario emergente en condiciones políticas competitivas

Elecciones sin democracia. El surgimiento del autoritarismo competitivo

En los últimos años, se han puesto en escena nuevas formas de gobiernos no democráticos, la más destacable de ellas es el Autoritarismo Competitivo. Tales regímenes de pensamiento no democrático, protagonizan contiendas en las cuales las fuerzas de la oposición pueden retar e incluso derrocar a los dirigentes del autoritarismo 

Pluralism by default Challenges of authoritarian state-building in Belarus, Moldova, and Ukraine

SIGLEAvailable from British Library Document Supply Centre- DSC:8491. 303(no 375) / BLDSC - British Library Document Supply CentreGBUnited Kingdo

Pluralism by Default and the Sources of Political Liberalization in Weak States

this paper, inhibited our understanding of why pluralistic and quasi democratic politics appeared and persisted in so many inhospitable environments such as Africa and the former Soviet Union. This paper focuses on regime trajectories and the challenges of authoritarian state building in Belarus, Moldova, Russia, and Ukraine, which like many other countries in the developing world suffer from a set of historical and institutional characteristics that would seem to undermine democratic development -- a lack of democratic history, weak civil society, weak rule of law, and relative international isolation. Despite such obstacles, all four countries experienced relatively pluralistic politics at the beginning of the 1990s -- hovering somewhere between democratic and competitive authoritarian (Levitsky and Way 2002a) or hybrid rule. In order to fully understand the development of pluralism in inhospitable environments like the former Soviet Union, we need to broaden our analytic framework beyond an exclusive focus on democratic institution building. Some cases are better understood as failed authoritarian regimes rather than as struggling democracies. In the early 1990s, all four countries experienced varying degrees of pluralism by default, a form of democratic political competition specific to weak states lacking a robustly institutionalized civil society and rule of law. Pluralism by default describes cases in which the proximate source of political competition is less a robust civil society, strong democratic institutions or democratic leadership and much more the inability of incumbents to enforce authoritarian rule. In the former Soviet Union, elite-level disorientation, fragmentation and state weakness created by the sudden collapse of the Soviet Union and subsequ..