Annona reticulata Linn. (Bullock's heart): Plant profile, phytochemistry and pharmacological properties

From the beginning of human civilization plants and plant based chemicals are the most important sources of medicines. Phytochemical and different products obtained from plant are used as medicines, pharmaceuticals, cosmetics and food supplements. Annona reticulata Linn. (牛心果 niú xīn guǒ; Bullock's heart) is a versatile tree and its fruits are edible. Parts of A. reticulata are used as source of medicine and also for industrial products. It possesses several medicinal properties such as anthelmintic, analgesic, anti-inflammatory, antipyretic, wound healing and cytotoxic effects. It is widely distributed with phytochemicals like tannins, alkaloids, phenols, glycosides, flavonoids and steroids. Present article is an attempt to highlight over taxonomy, morphology, geographical distribution, phytoconstituents and pharmacological activities of A. reticulata reported so far

In vitro anthelmintic efficacy of ethno-medicinal plant Annona reticulata L. roots against Indian earthworms (Pheretima posthuma)

The present study was envisaged to evaluate the ethno-medical claims of Annona reticulata L. roots for anthelmintic efficacy in vitro in comparison with the standard chemotherapeutic agent, albendazole on adult Indian earthworms (Pheretima posthuma). The efficacy was evaluated by monitoring gross visual motility, paralysis and mortality time and new software based tool, PASS (Prediction of Activity Spectra for Substances). Literature confirmed that roots of the plant are rich in aporphine alkaloids and acetogenins. Therefore, study includes investigation and correlation of the biological activity spectrum of the aporphine alkaloids and acetogenins using PASS with in vitro anthelmintic activity. In vitro anthelmintic trials of extract was conducted at 20, 40, 60 mg/mL. The extract was found to be effective at all concentrations but a more significant result was at concentration 60 mg/mL. This could be due to synergistic effect of both the phytoconstituents. However, exact mechanism of action need to be studied

<i style="mso-bidi-font-style:normal">In vitro</i> anthelmintic efficacy of ethno-medicinal plant <i style="mso-bidi-font-style:normal">Annona reticulata </i>L.<i style="mso-bidi-font-style:normal"> </i>roots<i style="mso-bidi-font-style:normal"> </i>against Indian earthworms (<i style="mso-bidi-font-style:normal">Pheretima posthuma</i>)

152-157The present study was envisaged to evaluate the ethno-medical claims of Annona reticulata L.<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal"> roots for anthelmintic efficacy in vitro in comparison with the standard chemotherapeutic agent, albendazole on adult Indian earthworms (Pheretima posthuma). The efficacy was evaluated by monitoring gross visual motility, paralysis and mortality time and new software based tool, PASS (Prediction of Activity Spectra for Substances). Literature confirmed that roots of the plant are rich in aporphine alkaloids and acetogenins. Therefore, study includes investigation and correlation of the biological activity spectrum of the aporphine alkaloids and acetogenins using PASS with in vitro anthelmintic activity. In vitro anthelmintic trials of extract was conducted at 20, 40, 60 mg/mL. The extract was found to be effective at all concentrations but a more significant result was at concentration 60 mg/mL. This could be due to synergistic effect of both the phytoconstituents. However, exact mechanism of action need to be studied

Antioxidant, antimicrobial activity and in silico PASS prediction of Annona reticulata Linn. root extract

Microbial infections and diseases are frequently associated with several pathogenic strains of bacteria and fungi. Plants of the reticulata genus are a notable source of new therapeutic agents including antioxidant and antimicrobial. This study reports the antioxidant and antimicrobial activities of methanolic root extract of Annona reticulata Linn. The antioxidant property of extract was evaluated using DPPH free radical scavenging and hydrogen peroxide assay. Antibacterial tests were performed using the agar cup method whereas Poison plate method was used to assess sensitivity of fungal strains. The biological potential of major phytoconstituents as antimicrobial agent was screened by new software based tool, PASS. The dose dependent scavenging was observed at concentrations 20, 40, 60, 80 and 100 μg/ml which were compared to ascorbic acid. The probable activity (Pa) of neoannonin using PASS was found to be 0.541. The extract was significantly active against all strains of bacteria but the largest zone of inhibition was found against B. cereus. Predominant growth reduction was observed in fungi Tricoderma viride and Candida albicans. The results indicate that the extract show potential as a source of new antimicrobial drug and may impart health benefits by its antioxidant property

Assessment of Annona reticulata Linn. leaves fractions for invitro antioxidative effect and antimicrobial potential against standard human pathogenic strains

Since from long time the plant, Annona reticulata Linn. is known for its beneficial effects. Leaves of A. reticulata were screened for phytochemicals and in vitro antioxidant, antibacterial and antifungal activity. The shade dried leaves were extracted with methanol and aqueous methanolic extract was partitioned successively with n-butanol, chloroform and acetone solvents. Methanolic extract was subjected to antioxidant screening using DPPH free radical scavenging activity and H2O2 scavenging activity. Antibacterial and antifungal activity of extract and fractions were analyzed on eight different clinical bacterial and fungal strains using agar well diffusion method and broth dilution method (MIC and MMC determination). The antioxidant activity showed that the extracts exhibited scavenging effect in concentration-dependent manner. The extract showed potent inhibitory effect against Bacillus subtilis and Escherichia coli bacterial strains while in case of fungal strains the maximum effect was observed against Candida blanki. The maximum zone of inhibition of n-butanol, chloroform and acetone fractions was observed against B. subtilis, and E. coli respectively while all fractions exhibited potent inhibitory effect against C. blanki. MIC and MBC values were determined for active samples, methanol extract and chloroform fraction against Staphylococcus aureus, B. subtilis, E. coli and Pseudomonas aeruginosa which revealed lower MIC and MBC values. The fungal strains Candida albicans, Saccharomyces cerevisiae and C. blanki were used to calculate MIC and MFC values for methanol extract and acetone fraction which demonstrated lower MIC and MFC values. The results provided evidence that the plant is richly supplied with numerous phytoconstituents that might indeed be potential sources of natural antioxidant, antimicrobial agents and supplementary food