6,912 research outputs found
The use of tricaine methanesulfonate, clove oil, metomidate, and 2-phenoxyethanol for anesthesia induction in alewives (Alosa pseudoharengus)
Anesthetics are widely used in routine aquaculture operations to immobilize animals for tagging, spawning, handling, and vaccination. A number of anesthetics are currently available for finfish, but their efficacy and optimal dosage is highly species-specific. The efficacy of the anesthetic agents (tricaine methanesulfonate (MS-222), clove oil, metomidate, and 2-phenoxyethanol (2-PE)) was studied in adult, juvenile (133.3 ± 1.5 mm, 27.5 ± 8.9 g), and larval Alewives (Alosa pseudoharengus Wilson). In an initial trial, wild-caught adults were anesthetized with doses of 87.5-112.5 mg/L MS-222, 25-40 mg/L clove oil 0.5-5.0 mg/L metomidate and 0.125-0.550 mg/L 2-PE. Optimal doses for anesthesia were similar for larvae and juveniles, and were identified as: 75-100 mg/L MS-222, 40 mg/L clove oil, 5-7 mg/L metomidate, and 500 mg/L 2-PE. All juvenile fish survived 48 hours post-exposure to each optimal dose. In a longer-term (24 hour) sedation experiment, juvenile alewives were netted and exposed to low clove oil (2.5 and 5.0 mg/L) and metomidate (0.25 and 0.50 mg/L) doses, and plasma cortisol was measured. Fish exposed to the clove oil treatments exhibited a cortisol stress response that was prolonged in the higher dose treatment. No cortisol stress response was observed in the metomidate treatments. Overall, optimal acute anesthesia doses for alewives were similar to those reported for other species, and metomidate may be useful for longer-term sedation
Expansion, Compression and Relief: An Analysis of the Jury\u27s Role in Patent Infringement Cases Employing the Doctrine of Equivalents
Market anticipations of monetary policy actions - commentary
Monetary policy ; Federal funds rate
Assessing changes in the monetary transmission mechanism: a VAR approach : commentary
Paper for a conference sponsored by the Federal Reserve Bank of New York entitled Financial Innovation and Monetary TransmissionEconomic conditions - United States ; Monetary policy
Explaining the increased variability in long-term interest rates
Interest rates ; Federal funds rate
Systematic Monetary Policy and the Effects of Oil Price Shocks
macroeconomics, monetary policy, oil, oil price shocks
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