Disturbances of sodium in critically ill adult neurologic patients: A clinical review

Disorders of sodium and water balance are common in critically ill adult neurologic patients. Normal aspects of sodium and water regulation are reviewed. The etiology of possible causes of sodium disturbance is discussed in both the general inpatient and the neurologic populations. Areas of importance are highlighted with regard to the differential diagnosis of sodium disturbance in neurologic patients, and management strategies are discussed. Specific discussions of the etiology, diagnosis, and management of cerebral salt wasting syndrome, the syndrome of inappropriate antidiuretic hormone secretion, and central diabetes insipidus are presented, as well as the problems of overtreatment. The importance of diagnosis at an early stage of these diseases is stressed, with a recommendation for conservative management of milder cases. Copyright © 2005 by Lippincott Williams & Wilkins

“The Trials of Briony”: Gothic Desire in Ian McEwan’s Atonement

This article focuses on specific Gothic tropes such as the uncanny and the abject through metafiction and the haunted psyche of Briony Tallis. As a text that engages with the doubling of fiction and reality, Atonement offers a Gothic experience of reading through the conflicted psyche of the protagonist. This article charts the haunted self through repression, abjection and trauma that are evident through Briony’s projection of her emotions onto other characters in the novel. Through such metafictional play, Briony is evidently haunted by her own desire, which manifests itself as abject in her traumatic witnessing of two sexual encounters in 24 hours. Through her fears of becoming the pursued Gothic heroine, Briony is subject to extreme self-policing of her sexuality, which results in the emergence of those desires in a coded, uncanny form. Through psychoanalytic and trauma theory, this article suggests a renewed reading of McEwan’s novel to consider the haunted psyche of his protagonist through her abject narrative of desire, “The Trials of Arabella”

Crime? No, It Wasn’t Really Crime’: Using Oral History and Memoirs to Teach Crime History

This article suggests that oral interviews, autobiographies and memoirs provide a new perspective on the teaching of crime history. Oral testimony can augment the traditional sources which are generally used for this purpose, giving fresh insights into popular attitudes to criminal activities and behaviour. Through the use of interviews, either student-generated or culled from existing oral history archives, the words and opinions of the perpetrators, victims and the general public will allow students and lecturers to supplement existing evidence in a way which will enhance both their critical understanding of behavioural patterns and developments within society. Student motivation may be increased by a closer involvement with the direct evidence of those who have been in some way affected by criminal behaviour and the individuals who have played an active role within the justice system. Comparative studies and the co-operation between students of law, criminology, history or social science can only be enhanced by an interchange of skills, ideas and resources. This article will utilise the evidence from author’s personal investigations as a case study in order to demonstrate some of the memories of crime, and attitudes to criminal behaviour within Black Country communities in the twentieth century

The innate and adaptive immune response to Pneumonia Virus of Mice in a resistant and a susceptible mouse strain

Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) is the leading cause of infant bronchiolitis, but the mechanisms underlying host susceptibility to severe infection are still largely unknown. The closely related pneumonia virus of mice (PVM) causes a similar immune-mediated disease in rodents, which makes possible the analysis of host factors that lead to severe illness in mice. This project was designed to compare the immune responses to lethal and sublethal doses of PVM strain 15 in the Balb/c mouse strain with those of the more resistant C57Bl/6 strain. The two strains often show opposite T-helper responses, with C57Bl/6 mice having a greater bias towards Th1 responses and Balb/c mice towards Th2 responses. Based on studies of PVM and RSV in mice, we expected the greater susceptibility of Balb/c mice to PVM 15 infection to be associated with enhanced proinflammatory chemokines, Th2-biased cytokines, and eosinophilic disease. We found that the two strains have Th1-biased responses to PVM infection in both the innate and adaptive arms of the immune response. Eosinophilia did not develop in either strain upon infection with PVM 15. Balb/c mice responded to PVM infection with an earlier and stronger innate response that failed to control viral replication. Neutrophils were more predominant in infected Balb/c lungs than in C57Bl/6 mice. In contrast, C57Bl/6 mice were capable of suppressing both viral replication and innate inflammatory responses, and clearance appeared to be mediated by lymphocytes rather than neutrophils. PVM-specific IFN-γ production by splenocytes in C57Bl/6 mice was stronger earlier and weaker at late time points after a sublethal infection than that of Balb/c mice. Additionally, the antibodies produced in the blood and in the lungs of sublethally infected C57Bl/6 mice reached an earlier peak and were more capable of neutralizing PVM in vitro than that of Balb/c mice, despite similar IgG titres and lower mucosal IgA titres in C57Bl/6 mice. Overall, the difference in susceptibility of these two strains appeared to be related not to an inherent T helper bias, but to the capacity of the C57Bl/6 mice to control both viral replication and the immune response elicited by PVM

Magical and Revolutionary? Audience Sensemaking of Apple's iPad

Thesis advisor: Mary Ann GlynnMy dissertation examines changes in audience sensemaking by the public and media about Apple’s novel product, iPad. My study begins on December 28, 2009, one-month before the introduction of the iPad by Apple and ends with the anniversary of its retail availability on April 2, 2011, shortly after the launch of the second-generation iPad. Using primarily qualitative methods, I analyze archival data including online forums and news articles to understand audience sensemaking as it unfolds. I investigate how sensemaking by the two audiences a) changes over time, b) changes with different types of material interaction with the product, c) incorporates the use of functional and symbolic frames in their public discourse about the iPad, and d) changes based on the public role of the audience. In doing so, I advance explanations as to how meanings about novel products stabilize. More broadly, I elaborate how nascent product categories can emerge by focusing on the cultural-cognitive processes that undergird product classification systems. As a result, I offer novel pathways for product category emergence.Thesis (PhD) — Boston College, 2016.Submitted to: Boston College. Carroll School of Management.Discipline: Management and Organization

The process of relational play therapy between a trainee therapist and a maltreated child : a case study

Research in the field of attachment theory and object relations theory has indicated that early attachments between a child and his or her primary caregiver have significant implications for the development of that child. Early relationships begin to shape the child’s sense of self and other and healthy relationships lead to secure attachments. However, children who encounter early maltreatment or a disruption in caregivers are particularly vulnerable to developing insecure attachments and a disrupted sense of self and other, which has consequences for their subsequent psychological development. In the South African context, increasing numbers of children are being orphaned or placed in formal foster care with many children at risk for insecure attachments. This has implications for therapeutic work with an increased need to promote secure attachment relationships and a stable sense of self and other. The current case study aimed to describe the relational experience of play therapy that took place between a maltreated five year old female child and a female trainee therapist with this purpose in mind. The therapeutic process was embedded within a relational therapy framework which included object relations and attachment theory. The researcher made use of a qualitative descriptive dialogic research approach to conduct the research. The data were analysed using content analysis, where the play therapy sessions were analysed according to concepts relating to Fairbairn’s (1963) object relations theory as well as Winnicott’s (1965) object relations theory. Prominent themes that emerged included the role of the holding environment, splitting of good and bad objects and the presence of a false self versus a true self. In addition, the conflicting presence of two repressed ego structures, namely the libidinal and antilibidinal ego structure were noted throughout the therapeutic process

Rosalind Watkiss Singleton. “¿Crimen? No, no fue realmente un crimen”: Utilizar historia oral y las memorias para enseñar historia del crimen

Resumen Este artículo sugiere que las entrevistas orales, las autobiografías y las memorias proporcionan una nueva perspectiva para la enseñanza de la historia del crimen. El testimonio oral puede ampliar las fuentes tradicionalmente utilizadas para este propósito, otorgando perspectivas originales relativas a las actitudes populares respecto de las actividades y comportamientos criminales. Mediante el uso de entrevistas, ya sean generadas por los estudiantes o tomadas de archivos existentes ..

An evaluation of the factors affecting student success at a South African higher education institution : implications for management

The context of this study centres on Higher Education in South Africa, the role that this sector plays in terms of economic development and the implications that face Institutional management in retaining students in the Higher Education system. Central to this study is the notion that student development theory can be used as a basis towards understanding the customers of Higher Education, how to better serve the customers needs and finally, retain students in the system through more effective management practices. The education sector is growing at an increasingly rapid rate as a result of strategic goals of countries and organisations such as the United Nations promoting the notion of education for all people (Altbach, Reisberg & Rumbley, 2009). The aim of the strategic goals adopted by developing countries in particular is to enhance the human capital or skills and knowledge of its people since education is a known contributor towards economic, social and political development. Higher Education in particular is known to contribute towards the human capital and economic development of a country. The Higher Education sector in South Africa for instance contributes approximately 1.5 percent to the country‟s gross domestic product (GDP), significantly higher than other industry sectors (apart from gold and agriculture) in the country (van Heerden, Bohlmann, Giesecke, Makochekanwa, & Roos, 2007). Figure 1.1 provides a context of the relevant importance of the higher education sector towards economic growth