家庭における幼児の歌唱行動 : 幼稚園における歌唱との関連新潟青陵幼稚園保護者へのアンケート結果

この研究の目的は家庭における幼児の歌唱にとって、幼稚園での歌唱がどのように影響を及ぼしているか調べることである。2005年と2006年に幼稚園の保護者のべ285人にアンケート調査を実施し、174人より回答を得た。幼児の家庭での歌唱について、性別、学年別などで比較検討を行なった。The purpose of this study is to examine for the influence of the Infants Singings in their Infant school and in their family. In 2005 and 2006, I sent questionnaire to 285 parents, and had 174 replies, and made a compare of difference in sexual and grades of singing in their family

An Analysis of Five-Year-Old Children’s Ability to Sing Japanese Children’s Songs from Short-Term Memory Ⅱ : Notes and tone intervals sung by the children vs. correct fundamental frequencies

The purpose of this study was to elucidate some characteristics of 5-year-old children’s ability to reproduce Japanese children’s songs (Warabe-uta) from short-term memory, especially with respect to the accuracy of the notes and tone intervals they sang, as compared to the correct fundamental frequencies. As a result of these comparisons, the following was discovered: 1.Where the melody contained intervals of a whole tone or more, the children sometimes mistakenly sang these intervals as two notes of the same pitch instead. 2.After finishing one word cluster and beginning a second word cluster, they often started singing the first note of this second cluster either at the same pitch as the last note of the previous cluster, or a whole tone above this last note of the previous cluster. 3.One characteristic of warabe-uta songs is that they often end with a falling whole tone followed by a rising whole tone ( D― C―D, for example), and previous studies had suggested that this characteristic ending may help children sing the final note of the song accurately. However, in the present study, even though almost all the children first sang the falling whole tone accurately, only around 60% of them correctly reproduced the subsequent whole-tone rise to the final note, which may have been due to interference from the natural accent of the words as they would have been spoken. 4.The children adapted their singing to the words and actions of song, sometimes modifying the notes and singing style to suit these non-melodic elements. It therefore again seemed that their singing was generally influenced by the phonology of the spoken Japanese Lanuage.5歳児のわらべうたの短期記憶再生音声について、基本周波数と音程を結び付けて考察した。その結果、次のような特徴が見出された。①子どもたちの歌う音程は原曲に比べ同音が多い。②言葉のまとまりごとに、前の音と同音もしくは、長2度上昇する場合が多い。③わらべうたにおける2度音程の終止の場合、長2度下降した後、長2度上行して終止へ至る場合が多く見られ、終止音の安定性が指摘されている。本研究では、長2度下降した後、約6割は長2度上行して終止音に至っているが、下降音程の方が上昇音程よりはっきりしている。終止音への移行音程には言葉の抑揚などが影響していると考えられる。④子ども達は歌や遊びの進行に合わせて適宜音程や歌い方を変化させている。これには子ども達が感じている、日本語の語感が影響していると考えられる

Interference and feature specificity in visual perceptual learning

AbstractPerceptual learning (PL) often shows specificity to a trained feature. We investigated whether feature specificity is related to disruption in PL using the texture discrimination task (TDT), which shows learning specificity to background element but not to target element. Learning was disrupted when orientations of background elements were changed in two successive training sessions (interference) but not in a random order from trial to trial (roving). The presentation of target elements seemed to have reversed effect; learning occurred in two-parts training but not with roving. These results suggest that interference in TDT is feature specific while disruption by roving is not

Parkinsonian Symptomatology May Correlate with CT Findings before and after Shunting in Idiopathic Normal Pressure Hydrocephalus

We aimed to investigate the characteristics of Parkinsonian features assessed by the unified Parkinson's disease rating scale (UPDRS) and determine their correlations with the computed tomography (CT) findings in patients with idiopathic normal pressure hydrocephalus (iNPH). The total score and the scores for arising from chair, gait, postural stability, and body hypokinesia in the motor examination section of UPDRS were significantly improved after shunt operations. Stepwise multiple regression analysis revealed that postural stability was the determinant of the gait domain score of the iNPH grading scale. The canonical correlation analysis between the CT findings and the shunt-responsive Parkinsonian features indicated that Evans index rather than midbrain diameters had a large influence on the postural stability. Thus, the pathophysiology of postural instability as a cardinal feature of gait disturbance may be associated with impaired frontal projections close to the frontal horns of the lateral ventricles in the iNPH patients

因果関係モデルによる腎移植レシピエントのQOLの分析

The purpose of this study is to analyze the structural relationship among the components of quality of life of kidney transplant recipients by using a causal model. The subjects were 329 recipients who had regular checks-up following transplantation in seven general hospitals in Tokyo, Gunma, Aichi, Okayama, and Hiroshima, and agreed to participate in this study. Ferrans and Powers's Quality of Life - Index Kidney Transplant version was used to measure perceived quality of life. The self-administered questionnaires were handed over to the subjects, who completed the instrument on the spot. After that, the answers were collected immediately. The factor analysis and the covariance structure analysis were used to make clear the structural relationship among the components of quality of life. The results of data analysis were as follows : (1) Five components of quality of life were extracted ; socio-economic functioning, family ties, emotional support, physical health, and peace & happiness. (2) The scores in the family ties dimension and the physical health dimension were higher than in the others, and the score in the socio-economic functioning dimension was the lowest. (3) The physical health showed the starting point in a causal model. (4) The physical health influenced the family ties and the socio-economic functioning. (5) The socio-economic functioning strongly influenced the peace & happiness and the emotional support. (6) The family ties influenced the socio-economic functioning, the emotional support, and the peace & happiness. Therefore, it was conceivable that it was particularly important to make approaches for the physical health, the family ties, and the socio-economic functioning dimensions to improve quality of life.本研究は，因果関係モデルによって，腎移植後レシピエントのQOLの構成要素間の関係を明らかにすることを目的としている。対象者は，東京，群馬，愛知，岡山，広島の7医療機関に外来通院中で，研究に同意が得られた329名の腎移植後のレシピエントである。レシピエントのQOLに関するデータは，Ferrans＆PowersのQuality of Life Index―Kidney Transplant versionの測定用具を用いて収集した。収集は外来受診時に行い，対象者に自己記入式質問紙を配布し，その場で記入してもらった後，直ちに回収した。データ分析は，QOLの構成要素と構成要素間の因果関係を明らかにするために，因子分析と共分散構造分析を行った。分析結果は以下の通りである。すなわち、(1)QOLの構成要素として，社会・経済的な機能，家族の絆，情緒的な支え，身体の健康，安らぎと幸福の5つが抽出された。(2)「家族の絆」と「身体の健康」についての得点が高く，「社会・経済的な機能」についての得点が最も低かった。(3)因果関係モデルにおいて，「身体的な健康」が原点となっていた。(4)「身体的な健康」は，「家族の絆」と「社会・経済的な機能」に影響を及ぼしていた。(5)「社会・経済的な機能」は，「安らぎと幸福」と「情緒的な支え」に強く影響を及ぼしていた。(6)「家族の絆」は，「社会・経済的な機能」，「情緒的な支え」，「安らぎと幸福」に影響を及ぼしていた。したがって、レシピエントのQOLを高めるために，「身体的な健康」，「家族の絆」，「社会・経済的な機能」の側面に働きかけていくことが特に重要であると考えられた

Hemostatic Control with Gelatin Sponge and Quantum Molecular Resonance Coagulation in a Case of Glomus Tympanicum

Surgical removal of tumor is the primary treatment of choice for glomus tympanicum (GT). However, because the tumor has abundant blood flow, bleeding control is crucial, and preoperative embolization may be performed. Here, we report the case of a 46-year-old female who visited our hospital with a complaint of right pulsatile tinnitus. A red pulsatile mass was found in the right tympanic cavity, and she was diagnosed with class B1 GT and subsequently underwent surgical treatment. We judged that bleeding could be controlled by intratympanic cavity manipulation alone and decided to perform transmeatal tumor resection without preoperative arterial embolization. After creating a tympanomeatal flap and performing an atticotomy, some pieces of Spongel® were inserted between the tumor and the tympanic wall. The Spongel® absorbed the blood and created a space between the tumor and tympanic wall, which allowed for the insertion of the tip of the Vesalius® handpiece to coagulate the tumor. The coagulation caused the tumor to shrink, thereby widening the space and allowing for further resection. Although the surgical manipulation caused bleeding, complete resection was achieved by the application of Spongel® and coagulation with Vesalius®. Since the tip of the Vesalius® was not burned, hemostasis was successfully achieved, and the operation proceeded while maintaining a clear field of view. There was little bleeding and no postoperative complications. The patient was discharged on the sixth postoperative day. One year after surgery, pure tone audiometry showed no change in the level of bone conduction. Spongel® and Vesalius® are useful tools that allow to safely perform surgeries even in narrow spaces such as the tympanic cavity

Location-Specific Cortical Activation Changes during Sleep after Training for Perceptual Learning

Visual perceptual learning is defined as performance enhancement on a sensory task and is distinguished from other types of learning and memory in that it is highly specific for location of the trained stimulus. The location specificity has been shown to be paralleled by enhancement in functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) signal in the trained region of V1 after visual training. Although recently the role of sleep in strengthening visual perceptual learning has attracted much attention, its underlying neural mechanism has yet to be clarified. Here, for the first time, fMRI measurement of human V1 activation was conducted concurrently with a polysomnogram during sleep with and without preceding training for visual perceptual learning. As a result of predetermined region-of-interest analysis of V1, activation enhancement during non-rapid-eye-movement sleep after training was observed specifically in the trained region of V1. Furthermore, improvement of task performance measured subsequently to the post-training sleep session was significantly correlated with the amount of the trained-region-specific fMRI activation in V1 during sleep. These results suggest that as far as V1 is concerned, only the trained region is involved in improving task performance after sleep

Selective phenol recovery via simultaneous hydrogenation/ dealkylation of isopropyl- and isopropenyl-phenols employing an H2 generator combined with tandem micro-reactor GC/MS

Abstract The pyrolysis of bisphenol A (BPA), an essential process ingredient used in industry and many everyday life products, helps produce low-industrial-demand chemicals such as isopropenyl- and isopropyl-phenols (IPP and iPrP). In this study, tandem micro-reactor gas chromatography/mass spectrometry combined with an H2 generator (H2-TR-GC/MS) was employed for the first time to investigate the selective recovery of phenol via simultaneous hydrogenation/dealkylation of IPP and iPrP. After investigating the iPrP dealkylation performances of several zeolites, we obtained full iPrP conversion with over 99% phenol selectivity using the Y-zeolite at 350 °C. In contrast, when applied to IPP, the zeolite acid centres caused IPP polymerisation and subsequent IPP-polymer cracking, resulting in many byproducts and reduced phenol selectivity. This challenge was overcome by the addition of 0.3 wt% Ni on the Y-zeolite (0.3Ni/Y), which enabled the hydrogenation of IPP into iPrP and subsequent dealkylation into phenol (full IPP conversion with 92% phenol selectivity). Moreover, the catalyst deactivation and product distribution over repetitive catalytic use were successfully monitored using the H2-TR-GC/MS system. We believe that the findings presented herein could allow the recovery of phenol-rich products from polymeric waste with BPA macro skeleton