Protocol-processing overhead on the performance of error recovery schemes in high-speed network environments

This paper investigates the effects of protocol-processing overhead on the performance of error recovery schemes in high-speed network environments. The investigated error recovery schemes are:• an edge-to-edge error recovery scheme, where retransmissions of erred packets only take place between source and destination nodes, and• a link-by-link error recovery scheme, where retransmissions only take place between adjacent switching nodes.For retransmission of erred packets, we consider both Go-Back-N and Selective-Repeat procedures in the analysis.The performance measures we obtain are the distribution of transfer delays and the loss probability of packets across a network. To obtain these measures, this paper develops a tandem queueing network model with feedbacks where each queue represents a protocol layer within a switching node, rather than a switching node as a whole.Numerical results show that for a network with very-high-speed/low-error-rate channels, an edge-to-edge scheme gives the smaller packet transmission delay than a link-by-link scheme for both Go-back-N and Selective-Repeat retransmission procedures, while keeping the packet loss probability sufficiently small

Mapping Science Based on Research Content Similarity

Maps of science representing the structure of science help us understand science and technology development. Thus, research in scientometrics has developed techniques for analyzing research activities and for measuring their relationships; however, navigating the recent scientific landscape is still challenging, since conventional inter-citation and co-citation analysis has difficulty in applying to recently published articles and ongoing projects. Therefore, to characterize what is being attempted in the current scientific landscape, this article proposes a content-based method of locating research articles/projects in a multi-dimensional space using word/paragraph embedding. Specifically, for addressing an unclustered problem, we introduced cluster vectors based on the information entropies of technical concepts. The experimental results showed that our method formed a clustered map from approx. 300 k IEEE articles and NSF projects from 2012 to 2016. Finally, we confirmed that formation of specific research areas can be captured as changes in the network structure

Simultaneous Measurements of Photoabsorption and Photoelectrochemical Performance for Thickness Optimization of a Semiconductor Photoelectrode

We established a system for simultaneous measurements of photoelectrochemical (PEC) reaction and photoabsorption in a semiconductor photoelectrode. This system uses a photoacoustic technique and photoelectrodes with a film-thickness gradient that was prepared by electrophoretic deposition of tungsten(VI) oxide particles while pulling up a substrate. The system enabled high-throughput determination of optimum film thickness, and the results showed that irradiation direction has a significant influence on PEC performance for a photoelectrode with a thick film. Furthermore, the mechanism of enhancement of PEC performance by postnecking treatment was discussed

Circadian Rhythms Fluctuate the Treatment Effects of Intravesical Treatments on Rat Urinary Frequency Models

Objectives. It is still not clear how the intravesical instillation of drugs affects rat urinary frequency. This study aimed to examine the dynamics of intravesical treatments' treatment effect on rat urinary frequency models by real-time and extended monitoring using a novel continuous urination monitoring system. Methods. Nine eleven-week-old female Wistar rats were divided into three groups to receive intravesical instillation of 0.1% acetic acid (AA), 1.0% AA, or phosphate-buffered saline (PBS). Thirty minutes later, these drugs were voided, and rats were moved to a continuous urination monitoring system, UM-100. UM-100 monitored rat urination quantitatively and continuously for 24 hours. Rats were then euthanized, and histopathologic examinations using a damage score validated the severity of bladder inflammation. We used nine additional rats to determine the treatment effect of various drugs against the urinary frequency. These rats were also treated with 1.0% AA in the same way and divided into three groups (n = 3 each) to receive intravesical instillation of lidocaine, silver nitrate (AgNO3), or dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO), respectively. Thirty minutes later, rats were catheterized again and moved to the UM-100, and their voiding was monitored for 24 hours. Results. Intravesical instillation of AA increased the urinary frequency and decreased the mean voided volume (VV) in a concentration-dependent manner, with statistical significance at a concentration of 1.0% (urinary frequency; p = 0.0007 , mean VV; p = 0.0032 , respectively) compared with PBS. Histopathological analysis of these models demonstrated a significantly higher damage score of bladder mucosa in both 0.1% AA and 1.0% AA compared with PBS, with the severity in concordance with the clinical severity of urinary frequency (0.1% AA: p < 0.0001 , 1.0% AA: p < 0.0001 ). Moreover, intravesical instillation of lidocaine, AgNO3, and DMSO decreased the urinary frequency. Continuous monitoring with UM-100 also demonstrated that the treatment effect of these intravesically instilled drugs occurred only at night. Conclusions. The extended monitoring of rat urination by UM-100 revealed a significant fluctuation in the treatment effect of intravesically instilled drugs between day and night. These findings may help establish novel therapies for urinary frequency

Heavy Higgs at Tevatron and LHC in Universal Extra Dimension Models

Universal Extra Dimension (UED) models tend to favor a distinctively heavier Higgs mass than in the Standard Model (SM) and its supersymmetric extensions when the Kaluza-Klein (KK) scale is not much higher than the electroweak one, which we call the weak scale UED, in order to cancel the KK top contributions to the T-parameter. Such a heavy Higgs, whose production through the gluon fusion process is enhanced by the KK top loops, is fairly model independent prediction of the weak scale UED models regardless of the brane-localized mass structure at the ultraviolet cutoff scale. We study its cleanest possible signature, the Higgs decay into a Z boson pair and subsequently into four electrons and/or muons, in which all the four-momenta of the final states can be measured and both the Z boson masses can be checked. We show that the weak scale UED model may account for the 2sigma excess of this event at ATLAS at the ZZ pair invariant mass around 250GeV, at which scale SM background is sufficiently small and the SM Higgs predicts too few events. We have also studied the Higgs mass 500GeV (and also 700GeV with \sqrt{s}=14TeV) and have found that we can observe significant resonance with the integrated luminosity 10fb^{-1} for six dimensional UED models.Comment: (v1) 36 pages, 9 figures, 6 tables; (v2) Accepted for publication in Phys. Rev. D, factor 2 error in (93) corrected, comments and references added, figures redrawn; (v3) Minor changes including typo corrections in eq.(15), final version appearing in PR

Higgs at ILC in Universal Extra Dimensions in Light of Recent LHC Data

We present bounds on all the known universal extra dimension models from the latest Higgs search data at the Large Hadron Collider, taking into account the Kaluza-Klein (KK) loop effects on the dominant gluon-fusion production and on the diphoton/digluon decay. The lower bound on the KK scale is from 500GeV to 1TeV depending on the model. We find that the Higgs production cross section with subsequent diphoton decay can be enhanced by a factor 1.5 within this experimental bound, with little dependence on the Higgs mass in between 115GeV and 130GeV. We also show that in such a case the Higgs decay branching ratio into a diphoton final state can be suppressed by a factor 80%, which is marginally observable at a high energy/luminosity option at the International Linear Collider. The Higgs production cross section at a photon-photon collider can also be suppressed by a similar factor 90%, being well within the expected experimental reach.Takuya Kakuda, Kenji Nishiwaki, Kin-ya Oda, Naoya Okuda, Ryoutaro Watanabe. Higgs at ILC in Universal Extra Dimensions in Light of Recent LHC Data. https://arxiv.org/abs/1202.6231

Oil-in-water emulsion lotion providing controlled release using 2-methacryloyloxyethyl phosphorylcholine n-butyl methacrylate copolymer as emulsifier

AbstractLotion is a useful vehicle for active ingredients used to treat skin disease because it can be applied to the scalp, can cover large areas of skin, and it is easy to spread due to low viscosity. An emulsion lotion (EL) containing 2-methacryloyloxyethyl phosphorylcholine n-butyl methacrylate copolymer (PMB) as an emulsifier that provides controlled-release was developed. Diphenhydramine (DPH) was used as a model drug. Formulation with 5% DPH, 5% soybean oil, and 4% PMB in water was emulsified using a high-pressure homogenizer. Polysorbate 80 (TO) was used instead of PMB for comparison. They were applied in vitro to Yucatan micropig intact or stripped skin at a practical dose (2μL/cm2). For stripped skin, penetration of DPH from 4% PMB EL was slower than that from 1% TO EL; results for intact skin were similar. The same phenomenon was observed with application to rabbit skin in vivo. When 4% PMB EL dried on the skin, it made a thin film matrix incorporating the oil phase, which controlled the release of DPH. The release rate could be controlled by the ratio of oil phase to PMB. The EL with PMB shows promise as a vehicle for long-acting treatment of skin diseases