Design and Flight Demonstration Test of a Continuous Descent Approach Procedure for Louisville International Airport

A design methodology based on the principles of system analysis was used to design a noise abatement approach procedure for Louisville International Airport. In a flight demonstration test, this procedure was shown to reduce the noise at seven locations along the flight path by 3.9 to 6.5 dBA and reduce the fuel consumed during approach by 400 to 500 lbs. The noise reduction is significant given that a 3-decibel difference represents a 50% reduction in acoustic energy and is noticeable to the human ear, and the 7% reduction in the size of the 50 DNL contour that would result if all aircraft were to perform the procedure. The fuel saving is also significant given the financial benefit to airlines and the accompanying reduction in gaseous and particulate emissions. While the analysis of aircraft performance data showed how pilot delay, in combination with auto-throttle and flight management system logic, can result in deviations from the desired trajectory, the results confirm that near-term implementation of this advanced noise abatement procedure is possible. The results also provide ample motivation for proposed pilot cueing solutions and low-noise guidance features in flight management systems

Durable efficacy of enfuvirtide over 48 weeks in heavily treatment-experienced HIV-1-infected patients in the T-20 versus optimized background regimen only 1 and 2 clinical trials

The T-20 Versus Optimized Background Regimen Only (TORO) 1 and TORO 2 clinical trials are open-label, controlled, parallel-group, phase 3 studies comparing enfuvirtide plus an optimized background (OB) of antiretrovirals (n = 661) with OB alone (n = 334) in treatment-experienced HIV-1-infected patients. The primary objective at week 48 was to investigate durability of efficacy, as measured by the percentage of patients maintaining their week 24 response or improving. Efficacy analyses used the intent-to-treat population. A total of 73.7% of patients randomized to the enfuvirtide group remained on treatment through week 48 versus 21.3% originally randomized to the control group. At week 48, a higher proportion of week 24 responders maintained their response or were new responders in the enfuvirtide group than in the control group in each responder category: HIV-1 RNA level > or =1.0 log(10) change from baseline, <400 copies/mL and <50 copies/mL (37.4%, 30.4%, and 18.3% in the enfuvirtide group vs. 17.1%, 12.0%, and 7.8% in the control group, respectively; P < 0.0001 for all comparisons). CD4 cell count increases from baseline were twice as great in the enfuvirtide group as in the control group. These data demonstrate durable efficacy of enfuvirtide plus OB over 48 week