Knowledge, attitude and practice of epilepsy among schoolteachers in Pakistan

Assessment of Knowledge, Attitude and Practice (KAP) concerning epilepsy among schoolteachers in Pakistan. No such study has previously been conducted in this country and results would help formulate a comprehensive plan of action to address this important issue

Causes of Construction Project Failures in Pakistan

Construction Project failure are global problem and Pakistan Construction projects also suffer from this phenomenon. The purpose of this research is to identify the major causes those are critical factors in the performance of a project. The literature review on the Project Management Body of Knowledge (PMBOK) emphasized that measurement of project success or failure is dependable on three key factors; Time, Cost & Scope. We have investigated various causes behind this triple constraint that are real forces a construction projects encounter during its lifecycle. The 33 major causes identified through literature review and Interviews with the industry specialist of Pakistan were transformed into a questionnaire. The survey was conducted with the industry professionals directly managing construction projects in the demography of Pakistan. The data help us in the identification of top ten causes of construction project failure in Pakistan: (1) Incompetent Contractor, (2) Delay in Procurement of long lead items, (3) Delay in Payments to Contractors, (4) Inaccurate Cost Estimates, (5) Inaccurate Project Schedule & Incompetent Project Team, (6) Lack of Project Planning, (7) Incompetent Project Manager, (8) Delay in providing site access to contractors, (9) Lack of cash flows & (10) Delay in design phase. Keywords: Causes, Construction Project Failures, Pakistan, Project Management

Cerebral venous thrombosis At high altitude

Cerebral Venous Thrombosis (CVT) is one of the rarest causes of stroke. It is described as complete or partial occlusion of the sinuses or cortical veins of the brain. A relationship between high altitude (HA) and cerebral venous thrombosis has been long suspected due to various case reports and studies, however, the exact underlying mechanisms and etiologies are highly complex and debatable. In this article review we discuss the incidence etiologies, risk factors, clinical presentations and management of CVT at high altitude. CVT majorly affects young people [2]. It presents with a wide variety of clinical presentations due to the complexity of cerebral venous architecture and a combination of edema, increased intracranial pressure and venous infarct. Numerous etiologies have been suggested for the incidence of CVT; varying from dehydration, increased blood viscosity leading to endothelial injury, immobility, inflammation, genetic expression of certain prothrombotic entities, triggering of the coagulation cascade, platelet dysfunction and underlying coagulation disorders. Individuals with history of coagulation abnormalities should be screened for underlying thrombophilias and cautiously ascend to higher altitudes. CVT should be considered in all neurological clinical presentations at high altitude. High altitude trekkers should be educated on how to keep hydrated and avoid immobility, exposure to extreme cold and seeking immediate help for symptoms like headache and disturbed mental status

Construction of Index System for Risk Assessment in Supply Chains of Automotive Industry

Automotive industry in Pakistan plays an important role in the economy and is exposed to a variety of supply chain risks but is underprivileged in terms of research. Therefore, to inform the effective and efficient development of the automotive industry, this paper analyses the key risk sources for supply chains of automotive firms using 3 primary sources, 6 secondary sources and 35 risks established from the existing literature on supply chain risk. To testify the proposed index system, data of 101 questionnaires were employed to SPSS 25 to perform reliability and validity checks. Afterwards, factors analysis was performed to get the final risk assessment index system, which confirmed that supply chain risks in the automotive industry are classified in three primary sources, internal risks, external risks and stream risks. Six secondary sources, macro risks, industry risks, organizational risks, operational risks, upstream risks and downstream risks; and 35 risks in total

Synthetic approaches to new heterocycles containing two phosphorus atoms

Reactions involving nucleophilic attack of tertiary phosphines and related compounds upon acetylenic systems have been reviewed and the literature has been covered to the end of 1970. In an extension of some of the work outlined in the above review, the bisphosphines 1,2- bis (diphenylphosphino)ethane, bis(diphenylphosphino) methane, o'is 1,2-bis (diphenylphosphino)- ethylene and trans 1,2-bis(diphenylphosphino)- ethylene and the biphosphine derivative tetraphenyibiphosphine were treated with the powerful electrophile dimethyl acetylenedicarboxylate in attempts to synthesize new cyclic phosphonium ylides containing two phosphorus atoms. On reaction with the acetylenic ester, the first three of these bisphosphosphines produced in high yield, cyclic phosphonium ylides character ized as dimethyl 1,1,4,4-tetraphenyl-l,4- diphosphacyclohexa-1,3-diene-2,3-dicarboxylate, dimethyl 1,1,3,3-tetraphenyl-5^-l,3-diphosph(V)ole 4,5-dicarboxylate and dimethyl 1,1,4,4-tetraphenyl 1,4-diphosphorin-2,3-dicarboxylate respectively. The adducts were found to be extremely sensitive to water and they were characterized largely by extensive spectroscopic (mainly NMR) investigations although certain cheinical reactions assisted in the structure determinations« Dimethyl 1,1,4,4- tetraphenyl-1,4-diphosphorin-2,3-dicarboxylate showed some evidence of aromatic character. The fourth of the bisphosphines, trans 1,2- bis(diphenyiphosphino)ethylene, was found to react with dimethyl acetylenedicarboxylate to give a 1:1 adduct. NMR evidence suggests that this adduct has a zwitterionic rather than an ylidic structure while protonation experiments, hydrolyses and deuterolyses are consistent with an ylidic structure. The sum of the evidence suggested that the adduct in solution is an equilibrium of two or more isomers in which a zwitterionic form is the major component while an ylidic form is the most reactive component of the mixture. Hydrolysis of the adduct led to an unusual reaction in which one of the diphenyiphosphino groups was eliminated to give a product identical to the 1:1:1 adduct formed from diphenylvinyIphosphine, dimethyl acetylenedicarboxylate and water. A mechanism has been postulated for this reaction and deuterium labelling studies gave some support to this mechanism. Tetraphenylbiphosphine gave a derivative of the o'ls 1,2-bis (diphenylphosphino) ethylene system on reaction with the acetylenic ester

Green finance, renewable energy investment, and environmental protection: empirical evidence from B.R.I.C.S. countries

Environmental degradation has become a severe concern for the globe; therefore, policymakers in emerging economies are trying to meet the environmental standards. Nowadays, economies have shifted their energy pattern from non-renewable to renewable energy (R.E.U.), but its cost is too high. Undoubtedly, the financial sector also performs well in facilitating such green activities. Therefore, the current study investigates the role of R.E.U. and green finance in environmental quality and collects the data for B.R.I.C.S. economies from 2000 to 2018. The study uses quantile regressions and other advanced techniques to deal with the problems of cross-sectional dependence (C.S.D.) and heterogeneity. The estimated outcomes show that green finance, R.E.U. consumption, and technical innovations perform well in securing the environment by reducing carbon emissions. Likewise, the environmental quality in selected economies is deteriorating due to the rise in non-R.E.U. consumption, economic progress, F.D.I., and trade openness. Therefore, it is time to reshape the local, national and regional growth policies concerning a green investment that can secure our environment. Also, this study proposes future pathways for green finance and other factors relevant to a sustainable environment

Analyzing the Real Time Factors: Which Causing the Traffic Congestions and Proposing the Solution for Pakistani City

AbstractVehicle ownerships integral part of modern life and traffic congestion an unavoidable inconvenience. The Western countries have a far better control on the pace of number of vehicles on a road matched with supporting infrastructure. In contrast, cash strapped underdeveloped countries have a poorly built and scarce number of main roads with problems compounded by soft car loans, leases and other discounts. As a result several developing countries have been inundated with peripheral complications such as pollution and congestion undermining their economy with enormous energy bills negatively impacting respective economy. Case in point is Pakistan, where depilating infrastructure or absence outright thereof and ever more number of vehicles on the road presents a unique and highly complicated problem. One can term traffic in Sub-Continent as controlled chaos and we plan to develop an organized solution from the chaos. This presents a unique challenge in traffic management. We have developed a smart phone application when the phone is placed in vehicles, provides data for the origin and destination routes. Taking 6 parameters, which we believe mostly impacts the destination arrival time for the driver in Pakistan we propose to develop a model supported by empirical data that will enable driver to select weather they are interested in economy of fuel or economy of time in reaching their destination. We propose to plot time it takes to reach destination versus the 6 factors that determines destination arrival time. The curve will be generated for each route and from the graph median time, standard deviation as well as confidence interval will be computed. Large data will be collected and statistical analysis will be performed to verify the integrity of the model

Microwave Assisted Expeditious and Green Cu(II)-Clay Catalyzed Domino One-Pot Three Component Synthesis of 2H-indazoles

A simple and efficient synthesis of 2H-indazoles is achieved from 2-primary amines, bromobenzaldehydes and sodium azide through domino condensation, C–N and N–N bond formations, catalyzed by a heterogeneous Cu(II)-Clay catalyst. The recyclable heterogeneous Cu(II)-Clay catalyst exhibited a remarkable activity for the title reaction without any additives. An assortment of structurally diverse 2H-indazoles were prepared in good to excellent yields from easily available starting materials by using this protocol. The Cu(II)-Clay catalyst was characterized by using X-Ray Diffraction (XRD), Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM), and Brunauer-Emmett-Teller (BET) techniques.