3,888 research outputs found
Technical Report: Observations and reanalyses data: comparison and trends in Southeast Asia
Reanalyses data sets, being temporally and spatially complete and available on six hourly timescales, are extremely convenient to use. Real observations represent the climate system with greater fidelity than reanalyses can, given that the latter are a complicated blend of observations and models via an assimilation scheme and rely heavily on the assimilation scheme where observations are absent. Knowing whether the reanalyses data reflects real data can be difficult to establish. In this part of the report, the observed data is compared with three reanalyses data sets for the SE Asia region. We use observations from SYNOP and METAR reports. SYNOP and METAR data are, in effect, observations taken at met stations and delivered to the Global Telecommunication System (GTS). Once in the GTS, they can be archived by institutions such as those delivering weather forecasts. Access to these data via the archives is generally much easier than through the individual Met Agencies. This is particularly true in the case of a study covering multiple nation states. These datasets are described in more detail in Sections 1.1 and 1.2
Electronic structure and optical properties of ZnX (X=O, S, Se, Te)
Electronic band structure and optical properties of zinc monochalcogenides
with zinc-blende- and wurtzite-type structures were studied using the ab initio
density functional method within the LDA, GGA, and LDA+U approaches.
Calculations of the optical spectra have been performed for the energy range
0-20 eV, with and without including spin-orbit coupling. Reflectivity,
absorption and extinction coefficients, and refractive index have been computed
from the imaginary part of the dielectric function using the Kramers--Kronig
transformations. A rigid shift of the calculated optical spectra is found to
provide a good first approximation to reproduce experimental observations for
almost all the zinc monochalcogenide phases considered. By inspection of the
calculated and experimentally determined band-gap values for the zinc
monochalcogenide series, the band gap of ZnO with zinc-blende structure has
been estimated.Comment: 17 pages, 10 figure
Renormalized Equilibria of a Schloegl Model Lattice Gas
A lattice gas model for Schloegl's second chemical reaction is described and
analyzed. Because the lattice gas does not obey a semi-detailed-balance
condition, the equilibria are non-Gibbsian. In spite of this, a self-consistent
set of equations for the exact homogeneous equilibria are described, using a
generalized cluster-expansion scheme. These equations are solved in the
two-particle BBGKY approximation, and the results are compared to numerical
experiment. It is found that this approximation describes the equilibria far
more accurately than the Boltzmann approximation. It is also found, however,
that spurious solutions to the equilibrium equations appear which can only be
removed by including effects due to three-particle correlations.Comment: 21 pages, REVTe
Mutations in DYNC2LI1 disrupt cilia function and cause short rib polydactyly syndrome.
The short rib polydactyly syndromes (SRPSs) are a heterogeneous group of autosomal recessive, perinatal lethal skeletal disorders characterized primarily by short, horizontal ribs, short limbs and polydactyly. Mutations in several genes affecting intraflagellar transport (IFT) cause SRPS but they do not account for all cases. Here we identify an additional SRPS gene and further unravel the functional basis for IFT. We perform whole-exome sequencing and identify mutations in a new disease-producing gene, cytoplasmic dynein-2 light intermediate chain 1, DYNC2LI1, segregating with disease in three families. Using primary fibroblasts, we show that DYNC2LI1 is essential for dynein-2 complex stability and that mutations in DYNC2LI1 result in variable length, including hyperelongated, cilia, Hedgehog pathway impairment and ciliary IFT accumulations. The findings in this study expand our understanding of SRPS locus heterogeneity and demonstrate the importance of DYNC2LI1 in dynein-2 complex stability, cilium function, Hedgehog regulation and skeletogenesis
The structures of Hausdorff metric in non-Archimedean spaces
For non-Archimedean spaces and let and be the
ballean of (the family of the balls in ), the space of mappings from
to and the space of mappings from the ballen of to
respectively. By studying explicitly the Hausdorff metric structures related to
these spaces, we construct several families of new metric structures (e.g., ) on the corresponding spaces, and study their convergence,
structural relation, law of variation in the variable including
some normed algebra structure. To some extent, the class is a counterpart of the usual Levy-Prohorov metric in the
probability measure spaces, but it behaves very differently, and is interesting
in itself. Moreover, when is compact and is a complete
non-Archimedean field, we construct and study a Dudly type metric of the space
of valued measures on Comment: 43 pages; this is the final version. Thanks to the anonymous
referee's helpful comments, the original Theorem 2.10 is removed, Proposition
2.10 is stated now in a stronger form, the abstact is rewritten, the
Monna-Springer is used in Section 5, and Theorem 5.2 is written in a more
general for
Coherent Radiation from Extensive Air Showers in the Ultra-High Frequency Band
Using detailed Monte Carlo simulations we have characterized the features of
the radio emission of inclined air showers in the Ultra-High Frequency band
(300 MHz - 3 GHz). The Fourier-spectrum of the radiation is shown to have a
sizable intensity well into the GHz frequency range. The emission is mainly due
to transverse currents induced by the geomagnetic field and to the excess
charge produced by the Askaryan effect. At these frequencies only a
significantly reduced volume of the shower around the axis contributes
coherently to the signal observed on the ground. The size of the coherently
emitting volume depends on frequency, shower geometry and observer position,
and is interpreted in terms of the relative time delays. At ground level, the
maximum emission at high frequencies is concentrated in an elliptical ring-like
region around the intersection of a Cherenkov cone with its vertex at shower
maximum and the ground. The frequency spectrum of inclined showers when
observed at positions that view shower maximum in the Cherenkov direction, is
shown to be in broad agreement with the pulses detected by the Antarctic
Impulsive Transient Antenna (ANITA) experiment, making the interpretation that
they are due to Ultra-High Energy Cosmic Ray atmospheric showers consistent
with our simulations. These results are also of great importance for
experiments aiming to detect molecular bremsstrahlung radiation in the GHz
range as they present an important background for its detection.Comment: 8 pages, 8 figure
Characterization of optical properties of ZnO nanoparticles for quantitative imaging of transdermal transport
Widespread applications of ZnO nanoparticles (NP) in sun-blocking cosmetic products have raised safety concerns related to their potential transdermal penetration and resultant cytotoxicity. Nonlinear optical microscopy provides means for high-contrast imaging of ZnO NPs lending in vitro and in vivo assessment of the nanoparticle uptake in skin, provided their nonlinear optical properties are characterized. We report on this characterization using ZnO NP commercial product, Zinclear, mean-sized 21 nm. Two-photon action cross-section of this bandgap material (Ebg = 3.37 eV, λbg = 370 nm) measured by two techniques yielded consistent results of ηZnOσZnO(2ph) = 6.2 ± 0.8 μGM at 795 nm, and 32 ± 6 μGM at 770 nm per unit ZnO crystal cell, with the quantum efficiency of ηZnO = (0.9 ± 0.2) %. In order to demonstrate the quantitative imaging, nonlinear optical microscopy images of the excised human skin topically treated with Zinclear were acquired and processed using σZnO(2ph) and ηZnOvalues yielding nanoparticle concentration map in skin. Accumulations of Zinclear ZnO nanoparticles were detected only on the skin surface and in skin folds reaching concentrations of 800 NPs per μm3
Generalized Flux Vacua
We consider type II string theory compactified on a symmetric T^6/Z_2
orientifold. We study a general class of discrete deformations of the resulting
four-dimensional supergravity theory, including gaugings arising from geometric
and "nongeometric'' fluxes, as well as the usual R-R and NS-NS fluxes. Solving
the equations of motion associated with the resulting N = 1 superpotential, we
find parametrically controllable infinite families of supersymmetric vacua with
all moduli stabilized. We also describe some aspects of the distribution of
generic solutions to the SUSY equations of motion for this model, and note in
particular the existence of an apparently infinite number of solutions in a
finite range of the parameter space of the four-dimensional effective theory.Comment: 30 pages, 4 .eps figures; v2, reference adde
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