Language learning and the politics of belonging: Sudanese’ women refugees becoming and being "American

(2001) has observed that "unprecedented new patterns of large-scale immigration" promise to permanently alter social, economic, and political relations in communities and nations worldwide and that the increased "Americanization" of immigrants and their children over time often coincides with their decreased health, declining school achievement, and lowered aspirations. In response to this deepening crisis, she asks that educational researchers conduct more interdisciplinary research on the relationship between globalization and immigration in three specific arenaswork, identity, and belonging-especially as these factors impact the educational opportunities provided to more recent immigrant groups. Specifically, she calls on educational researchers to examine "the vicissitudes of identity formation" for immigrants and refugees trying to manage "the complexities of belonging both 'here ' and 'there' simultaneously" (Suárez-Orozco 2001). Although some accounts of immigration and globalization have theorized the "vicissitudes of identity formation" among members of newer immigrant groups in relation to the politics of citizenship and migration, the vast majority of this work has focused on questions of belonging and membership in relation to the experiences of Latinos/as and Chicanos/as in the United States (e.

Experimental Validation of Plant Peroxisomal Targeting Prediction Algorithms by Systematic Comparison of In Vivo Import Efficiency and In Vitro PTS1 Binding Affinity

Most peroxisomal matrix proteins possess a C-terminal targeting signal type 1 (PTS1). Accurate prediction of functional PTS1 sequences and their relative strength by computational methods is essential for determination of peroxisomal proteomes in silico but has proved challenging due to high levels of sequence variability of non-canonical targeting signals, particularly in higher plants, and low levels of availability of experimentally validated non-canonical examples. In this study, in silico predictions were compared with in vivo targeting analyses and in vitro thermodynamic binding of mutated variants within the context of one model targeting sequence. There was broad agreement between the methods for entire PTS1 domains and position-specific single amino acid residues, including residues upstream of the PTS1 tripeptide. The hierarchy Leu>Met>Ile>Val at the C-terminal position was determined for all methods but both experimental approaches suggest that Tyr is underweighted in the prediction algorithm due to the absence of this residue in the positive training dataset. A combination of methods better defines the score range that discriminates a functional PTS1. In vitro binding to the PEX5 receptor could discriminate among strong targeting signals while in vivo targeting assays were more sensitive, allowing detection of weak functional import signals that were below the limit of detection in the binding assay. Together, the data provide a comprehensive assessment of the factors driving PTS1 efficacy and provide a framework for the more quantitative assessment of the protein import pathway in higher plants

Blocked isocyanates:from analytical and experimental considerations to non-polyurethane applications

In this review we aim to provide an introductory guide to blocked isocyanates, through discussion on different examples of blocking groups, along with experimental considerations for their application. The review brings together updated examples of functionalities used and places specific emphasis on the analytical techniques used for the determination of deblocking temperature, updating previous reviews with the newly applied technique of X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). Additionally, we put forward a brief update on the use of blocked isocyanates for other non-traditional polyurethane based polymer applications. We also highlight the importance of matching the analytical technique to the application of the blocked isocyanate, with differences in material state and experimental parameters having a great impact on the deblocking temperature reported

Forced Sexual Relations Among Young Women in Developing Countries

Recent research in developing countries suggests that a considerable number of young women may experience forced sex within marriage, but most women may be inhibited from reporting these experiences due to shame, fear of reprisal or deep-rooted unequal gender norms.The consequences of domestic violence can be severe, and in fact, intimate partner violence is one of the leading causes of death among women 15-44 years of age.(1) Papers highlighting the nature and prevalence of coercion among married young women were presented at a global consultative meeting in New Delhi.Evidence comes from small-scale studies and large population-based surveys, such as Demographic and Health Surveys (DHS), from some developing countries. Many women may under report coercion by a partner within marriage, and there are variations in the framing of questions posed, methods of data collection and the reference period, making findings of small-scale studies difficult to compare. However, available data give an idea of the extent and nature of coercion that married young women experience. Studies reveal that sexual coercion within marriage includes deception, verbal threats or psychological intimidation to obtain sex, attempted rape and forced penetrative sex.(2)Forced marital sex can be accompanied by physical or emotional violence. Sexual coercion is observed in marital partnerships in diverse settings such as South Asia, Latin America, Africa and the Middle East. Although cultural settings and contexts condition the nature of coercion among married young women, there are striking similarities across different settings

Differences in level of confidence in diabetes care between different groups of trainees: the TOPDOC diabetes study

Background There is an increasing prevalence of diabetes. Doctors in training, irrespective of specialty, will have patients with diabetes under their care. The aim of this further evaluation of the TOPDOC Diabetes Study data was to identify if there was any variation in confidence in managing diabetes depending on the geographical location of trainees and career aspirations. Methods An online national survey using a pre-validated questionnaire was administered to trainee doctors. A 4-point confidence rating scale was used to rate confidence in managing aspects of diabetes care and a 6-point scale used to quantify how often trainees would contribute to the management of patients with diabetes. Responses were grouped depending on which UK country trainees were based and their intended career choice. Results Trainees in Northern Ireland reported being less confident in IGT diagnosis, use of IV insulin and peri-operative management and were less likely to adjust oral treatment, contact specialist, educate lifestyle, and optimise treatment. Trainees in Scotland were less likely to contact a specialist, but more likely to educate on lifestyle, change insulin, and offer follow-up advice. In Northern Ireland, Undergraduate (UG) and Postgraduate (PG) training in diagnosis was felt less adequate, PG training in emergencies less adequate, and reporting of need for further training higher. Trainees in Wales felt UG training to be inadequate. In Scotland more trainees felt UG training in diagnosis and optimising treatment was inadequate. Physicians were more likely to report confidence in managing patients with diabetes and to engage in different aspects of diabetes care. Aspiring physicians were less likely to feel the need for more training in diabetes care; however a clear majority still felt they needed more training in all aspects of care. Conclusions Doctors in training have poor confidence levels dealing with diabetes related care issues. Although there is variability between different groups of trainees according to geographical location and career aspirations, this is a UK wide issue. There should be a UK wide standardised approach to improving training for junior doctors in diabetes care with local training guided by specific needs.</p

A laboratory characterisation of inorganic iodine emissions from the sea surface: dependence on oceanic variables and parameterisation for global modelling

Reactive iodine compounds play a significant role in the atmospheric chemistry of the oceanic boundary layer by influencing the oxidising capacity through catalytically removing O3 and altering the HOx and NOx balance. The sea-to-air flux of iodine over the open ocean is therefore an important quantity in assessing these impacts on a global scale. This paper examines the effect of a number of relevant environmental parameters, including water temperature, salinity and organic compounds, on the magnitude of the HOI and I2 fluxes produced from the uptake of O3 and its reaction with iodide ions in aqueous solution. The results of these laboratory experiments and those reported previously (Carpenter et al., 2013), along with sea surface iodide concentrations measured or inferred from measurements of dissolved total iodine and iodate reported in the literature, were then used to produce parameterised expressions for the HOI and I2 fluxes as a function of wind speed, sea-surface temperature and O3. These expressions were used in the Tropospheric HAlogen chemistry MOdel (THAMO) to compare with MAX-DOAS measurements of iodine monoxide (IO) performed during the HaloCAST-P cruise in the eastern Pacific ocean (Mahajan et al., 2012). The modelled IO agrees reasonably with the field observations, although significant discrepancies are found during a period of low wind speeds (< 3 m s&minus;1), when the model overpredicts IO by up to a factor of 3. The inorganic iodine flux contributions to IO are found to be comparable to, or even greater than, the contribution of organo-iodine compounds and therefore its inclusion in atmospheric models is important to improve predictions of the influence of halogen chemistry in the marine boundary layer

Folding Langmuir Monolayers

The maximum pressure a two-dimensional surfactant monolayer is able to withstand is limited by the collapse instability towards formation of three-dimensional material. We propose a new description for reversible collapse based on a mathematical analogy between the formation of folds in surfactant monolayers and the formation of Griffith Cracks in solid plates under stress. The description, which is tested in a combined microscopy and rheology study of the collapse of a single-phase Langmuir monolayer of 2-hydroxy-tetracosanoic acid (2-OH TCA), provides a connection between the in-plane rheology of LM's and reversible folding

Towards identification of protein-protein interaction stabilizers via inhibitory peptide-fragment hybrids using templated fragment ligation

Using the hDMX/14-3-3 interaction, acylhydrazone-based ligand-directed fragment ligation was used to identify protein–protein interaction (PPI) inhibitory peptide-fragment hybrids. Separation of the peptide-fragment hybrids into the components yielded fragments that stabilized the hDMX/14-3-3 interaction

Understanding the interaction of 14-3-3 proteins with hDMX and hDM2: a structural and biophysical study

p53 plays a critical role in regulating diverse biological processes: DNA repair, cell cycle arrest, apoptosis, and senescence. The p53 pathway has therefore served as the focus of multiple drug-discovery efforts. p53 is negatively regulated by hDMX and hDM2; prior studies have identified 14-3-3 proteins as hDMX and hDM2 client proteins. 14-3-3 proteins are adaptor proteins that modulate localisation, degradation and interactions of their targets in response to phosphorylation. Thus, 14-3-3 proteins may indirectly modulate the interaction between hDMX or hDM2 and p53 and represent potential targets for modulation of the p53 pathway. In this manuscript, we report on the biophysical and structural characterization of peptide/protein interactions that are representative of the interaction between 14-3-3 and hDMX or hDM2. The data establish that proximal phosphosites spaced ~20-25 residues apart in both hDMX and hDM2 co-operate to facilitate high-affinity 14-3-3 binding and provide structural insight that can be utilized in future stabilizer/inhibitor discovery efforts