THE TRADEOFFS IN ECOSYSTEM MANAGEMENT: THE CASE OF LOGGING AND RECREATION IN THE SOUTHERN APPALACHIANS

The US Forest Service is adopting ecosystem management, but the potential impact on local economies is unknown. Analysis via a recursive system of regression equations reveals that some ecosystem management variables have an influence upon recreational visitation which, in turn, has a net negative impact on county employment levels.Environmental Economics and Policy, Resource /Energy Economics and Policy,

Electron and Ion Acceleration in Relativistic Shocks with Applications to GRB Afterglows

We have modeled the simultaneous first-order Fermi shock acceleration of protons, electrons, and helium nuclei by relativistic shocks. By parameterizing the particle diffusion, our steady-state Monte Carlo simulation allows us to follow particles from particle injection at nonthermal thermal energies to above PeV energies, including the nonlinear smoothing of the shock structure due to cosmic-ray (CR) backpressure. We observe the mass-to-charge (A/Z) enhancement effect believed to occur in efficient Fermi acceleration in non-relativistic shocks and we parameterize the transfer of ion energy to electrons seen in particle-in-cell (PIC) simulations. For a given set of environmental and model parameters, the Monte Carlo simulation determines the absolute normalization of the particle distributions and the resulting synchrotron, inverse-Compton, and pion-decay emission in a largely self-consistent manner. The simulation is flexible and can be readily used with a wide range of parameters typical of gamma-ray burst (GRB) afterglows. We describe some preliminary results for photon emission from shocks of different Lorentz factors and outline how the Monte Carlo simulation can be generalized and coupled to hydrodynamic simulations of GRB blast waves. We assume Bohm diffusion for simplicity but emphasize that the nonlinear effects we describe stem mainly from an extended shock precursor where higher energy particles diffuse further upstream. Quantitative differences will occur with different diffusion models, particularly for the maximum CR energy and photon emission, but these nonlinear effects should be qualitatively similar as long as the scattering mean free path is an increasing function of momentum.Comment: Accepted for publication in MNRA

Escaping Befriended Circles: A Multilogue Response to Benjamin Kelsey Kearl\u27s Of Laggards and Morons: Definitional Fluidity, Borderlinity, and the Theory of Progressive Era Special Education (Parts 1 & 2)

In this multilogue response to Of Laggards and Morons, Warren affirms Kearl\u27s approach to education history through philosophy and biography

A Narrower than Necessary Focus : Jason Ellis and Benjamin Kearl on Special Education History: A Multilogue Response to Benjamin Kelsey Kearl and Jason Ellis

Donald Warren reads Benjamin Kearl\u27s examination of special education history as an advance on the reconceptualization project,not a distraction from the historiographical work Ellis recommends

Waging War on Education: American Indian Versions

Article excerpt: America Indian histories as analytical levers...case studies of what happens methodologically when education historians attempt to cleanse their methods of ethnocentrism and similar predispositions

The operational utility of the Walton-McKersie attitudinal structuring model in collective bargaining

This work is an heuristic inquiry into behavioral change theory designed for application to labor/management interaction in collective bargaining. The theory itself was postulated by Richard E. Walton and Robert B. McKersie in their book A Behavioral Theory Of Labor Negotiations. The principles of their theory are highly axiomatic and their importance and validity can only be recognized through applied empirical analyses that demonstrate or refute its concept. The aspect of the theory which is the focal point of this research pertains to the structuring and restructuring of attitudes and attendant relationships resulting from the collective bargaining process. The objective of this work is two-fold. First, the analytical utility of the theory is examined by applying its tenets to an analysis of the behavioral strategies and tactics used by the respective labor and management operatives in the 1981 Professional Air Traffic Controllers Organization strike. Second, the consistency of the theory and model with current knowledge and research in the field is examined; also how that knowledge and research enhances the Walton-McKersie analysis is discussed. Case study methodology is used to illustrate the thesis concept because any empirical study that examines the validity and practicality of a theory has added value when it is done within the realm of that given discipline. Also, absolute studies beat illustrate the trends by which researchers and practitioners approach problems in their fields and help to possibly clarify those approaches. From this study it is concluded that the Walton-McKersie attitudinal structuring model offers the most elucidative classification of relationships and behaviors descriptive of the negotiating process of all materials researched. It can be applied in collective bargaining interactions to reduce behavioral uncertainties. However,, to improve the model\u27s operational utility as a motivational, predictive, and informational tool, additional research and study is required in the following areas. First, as shown in the case study example, humans do not always use probability information effectively; sometimes they ignore it. The probability of a confrontation and the attendant consequences were made clear to all operatives in the Professional Air Traffic Controllers Organization (PATCO) strike, however, shattering consequences for both sides were not avoided. Additional study and research on how collective bargaining processes are affected by varying political, economic, intra-organizational and inter-organizational policies, and social climates will enhance the operational utility of the Walton-McKersie model. Second, the implication interpretable from the above probability of occurrence example is that people, and the organizations that they comprise, estimate the probability of single occurrences more adequately than aggregate probabilities of occurrence, and that the strategies often adopted as a result, are not optimal. Research on how objective probabilities and payoff values (based on past bargaining profiles and current information) can be applied to the Walton-McKersie concepts will allow for simulation and decision theory type analysis of negotiating processes, thus improving the model\u27s predictive utility. Finally, it is suggested in the thesis that goals rather than attitudes be the focal point of behavioral change models related to negotiations. Additional research on the motivational qualities of goal setting in bargaining activities will help in the understanding of how goals and behaviors are linked. The developmental implication of all the above is to move towards a more useful and analytical model of collective bargaining processes

Heating and cooling a tri-level house with a hydronic baseboard-valance system

Cover title.Prepared as part of an investigation conducted by the Engineering Experiment Station, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign