The Nature And Scope Of Technical Education : Pamphlet

Pamphlet produced by the City of Dublin Vocational Educational Committee publishing the Lecture given by Hugh A. Warren, Principal, South East London Technical College, in The Town Hall Rathmines, Dublin, 15th December, 196

Processing advancements in the recovery of oils from vegetable oil refinery by-products

The production of vegetable oil, specifically soybean oil, in the U.S. and globally is continuously increasing. Soybean oil finds applications in a wide variety of industries and products which substantiate its ever growing demand. From harvest at the field to end application, soybean oils are subjected to a wide variety of processing methods designed to refine and concentrate the triglyceride fraction. Some of these processing methods target the removal of undesired free fatty acids, phospholipids, and other lipids. Such processes inevitably result in oil loss. Therefore, these by-products contain, what can be considered, waste oils and are therefore of low-value in their raw state. Further processing of these by-products can result in reclaimed value if the recovery of the oils is efficient, predictable, and cost-effective. Treatment of degummed and gummed soapstocks studying the factor effects of elevated temperature, pressure, shear rate, residence time, acid addition, and base addition on oil recovery has been performed. Results of the factor study indicate temperature has a major influence on both types of by-products. There is also an influence from the temperature-mixing time interaction on the gummed soapstock studied. In all cases the temperature effect conclusively influenced the oil yield, increasing recovery over what may be considered traditional process conditions

An Experimental Investigation of the Effect of Ejecting a Coolant Gas at the Nose of a Blunt Body

An experimental investigation has been made of the effect of ejecting nitrogen and helium coolant gases at the nose of a blunt body in the GALCIT 5 inch x 5 inch hype r sonic wind tunnel at a nominal Mach number of 5.8. The gases were ejected with "swirl", to encourage them to flow tangentially to the model surface at ejection, and also straight out. Measurements were made of pressure, temperature and heat flux on the surface of the model at incidences of 0, 4, 8 degrees, and for a range of coolant gas flows. It was found that ejection with swirl did not in fact lead to an easement of the heating problem, because the high tangential velocity with which the coolant was injected into the boundary layer so increased the wall shear stress, and hence by the Reynolds analogy, the heat flux, that it predominated over the reduced driving temperature difference associated with the cooled boundary layer. With straight-out ejection it was found that the heat alleviation capabilities of the ejected coolant were reduced considerably if the momentum flow was sufficiently high that the bow shock wave was bulged out. For the size of ejection orifice in the present study it was possible to eject only nitrogen coolant without disturbing the external flow appreciably. The results suggest, however, that straight-out ejection could provide an effective way of reducing the heat flux provided that the external flow is not disturbed, and tests with a larger ejection orifice are indicated. A technique is proposed for making steady-state heat-flux measurements by measuring the temperature difference across a uniformly thin skin of uniform, low thermal conductivity

Book Reviews

Securities Legislation By Louis Loss Boston: Little, Brown & Com-pany, 1951. Pp. xxvii, 1283. $17.50 reviewer: Hugh L. Sowards ================================ Private Property, the History of an Idea By Richard Schlatter New Brunswick: Rutgers University Press, 1951. Pp. 284.$2.50 reviewer: Stanley D. Rose ================================== Oil and Gas Law: Collection of articles TEXAS LAW REVIEW Austin: Texas Law Review, Inc., 1951. Pp. xix, 1736. $15.00 reviewer: William D. Warre

Discussion: Potential for carfree development in the UK

Discussion: Potential for carfree development in the U

Common View Time Transfer Using Worldwide GPS and DMA Monitor Stations

Analysis of the on-orbit Navstar clocks and the Global Positioning System (GPS) monitor station reference clocks is performed by the Naval Research Laboratory using both broadcast and postprocessed precise ephemerides. The precise ephemerides are produced by the Defense Mapping Agency (DMA) for each of the GPS space vehicles from pseudo-range measurements collected at five GPS and at five DMA monitor stations spaced around the world. Recently, DMA established an additional site co-located with the US Naval Observatory precise time site. The time reference for the new DMA site is the DoD Master Clock. Now, for the first time, it is possible to transfer time every 15 minutes via common view from the DoD Master Clock to the 11 GPS and DMA monitor stations. The estimated precision of a single common-view time transfer measurement taken over a 15-minute interval was between 1.4 and 2.7 nanoseconds. Using the measurements from all Navstar space vehicles in common view during the 15-minute interval, typically 3-7 space vehicles, improved the estimate of the precision to between 0.65 and 1.13 nanoseconds. The mean phase error obtained from closure of the time transfer around the world using the 11 monitor stations and the 25 space vehicle clocks over a period of 4 months had a magnitude of 31 picoseconds. Analysis of the low noise time transfer from the DoD Master Clock to each of the monitor stations yields not only the bias in the time of the reference clock, but also focuses attention on structure in the behaviour of the reference clock not previously seen. Furthermore, the time transfer provides a a uniformly sampled database of 15-minute measurements that make possible, for the first time, the direct and exhaustive computation of the frequency stability of the monitor station reference clocks. To lend perspective to the analysis, a summary is given of the discontinuities in phase and frequency that occurred in the reference clock at the Master Control Station during the period covered by the analysis

Safety and feasibility of adjunctive dexamethasone infusion into the adventitia of the femoropopliteal artery following endovascular revascularization

ObjectiveRestenosis following endovascular treatment of the femoropopliteal segment is associated with the inflammatory response produced in the artery wall at the time of the procedure. Although local drug delivery to the superficial femoral and popliteal arteries promises improved patency, data are currently limited. We hypothesized that improved percutaneous delivery of an anti-inflammatory compound into the adventitia of the femoropopliteal at the time of endovascular treatment would be safe, feasible, and decrease the inflammatory response.MethodsThis was a prospective, investigator-initiated, phase I, first-in-man study testing the safety and feasibility of percutaneous adventitial delivery of dexamethasone. Following successful intervention, an adventitial microinfusion catheter was advanced over a 0.014-inch wire to the treated segment. Its microneedle (0.9 mm long × 140-μm diameter) was deployed into the adventitia to deliver dexamethasone (4 mg/mL) mixed with contrast agent (80:20 ratio), providing fluoroscopic visualization. The primary safety outcome measure was freedom from vessel dissection, thrombosis, or extravasation while the primary efficacy outcome was duplex-determined binary restenosis defined as a peak systolic velocity ratio >2.5.ResultsTwenty patients with Rutherford clinical category 2-5 enrolled in this study. The mean age was 66, and 55% had diabetes mellitus. Treated lesion length was 8.9 ± 5.3 cm, and 50% were chronic total occlusions. Eighty percent of treated lesions were in the distal superficial femoral or popliteal arteries. All lesions were treated by balloon angioplasty with provisional stenting (n = 6) for suboptimal result. Three patients were treated with atherectomy as well. A mean of 1.6 ± 1.1 mg (0.5 ± 0.3 mL) of dexamethasone sodium phosphate was injected per centimeter of lesion length. In total, a mean of 12.1 ± 6.1 mg of dexamethasone was injected per patient. The mean number of injections required per lesion was 3.0 ± 1.3 cm, minimum one and maximum six injections. There was 100% technical success of drug delivery and no procedural or drug-related adverse events. The mean Rutherford score decreased from 3.1 ± .7 (median, 3.0) preoperatively to .5 ± .7 at 6 months (median, 0.0; P < .00001). Over this same time interval, the index leg ankle-brachial index increased from .68 ± .15 to .89 ± .19 (P = .0003). The preoperative C-reactive protein in this study was 6.9 ± 8.5 indicating severe baseline inflammation, which increased to 14.0 ± 23.1 mg/L (103% increase) at 24 hours following the procedure. However, this increase did not reach statistical significance of P = .14. Two patients met the primary efficacy end point of loss of primary patency by reoccluding their treated segment of the index lesion during the follow-up period.ConclusionsAdventitial drug delivery via a microinfusion catheter is a safe and feasible alternative to intimal-based methods for adjunctive treatment in the femoropopliteal segment. The 6-month preliminary results suggest perivascular dexamethasone treatment may improve outcomes following angioplasty to the femoral and popliteal arteries, and support further clinical investigation of this approach

GPS Moving Vehicle Experiment

The Naval Research Laboratory (NRL) in the development of timing systems for remote locations, had a technical requirement for a Y code (SA/AS) Global Positioning System (GPS) precise time transfer receiver (TTR) which could be used both in a stationary mode or mobile mode. A contract was awarded to the Stanford Telecommunication Corporation (STEL) to build such a device. The Eastern Range (ER) als had a requirement for such a receiver and entered into the contract with NRL for the procurement of additional receivers. The Moving Vehicle Experiment (MVE) described in this paper is the first in situ test of the STEL Model 5401C Time Transfer System in both stationary and mobile operations. The primary objective of the MVE was to test the timing accuracy of the newly developed GPS TTR aboard a moving vessel. To accomplish this objective, a joint experiment was performed with personnel from NRL and the er at the Atlantic Undersea Test and Evaluation Center (AUTEC) test range at Andros Island. Results and discussion of the test are presented in this paper