Рекомендации по ограничению динамических перенапряжений в обмотке ротора асинхронизированного турбогенератора

In this paper, a Volume-of-Fluid (VOF)-based approach for the Direct Numerical Simulation (DNS) of reactive mass transfer in gas–liquid flows is described. At the interface, local thermodynamic equilibrium is assumed and modelled by Henry's law. First numerical simulation results are presented for non-reactive and reactive mass transfer from rising gas bubbles to a surrounding liquid. For the evaluation of reactive mass transfer simulations with a consecutive, competitive reaction system in the liquid, a local selectivity is employed

GroEL dependency affects codon usage—support for a critical role of misfolding in gene evolution

Integrating genome-scale sequence, expression, structural and protein interaction data from E. coli we establish an interaction between chaperone (GroEL) dependency and optimal codon usage.Highly expressed sporadic substrates of GroEL employ more optimal codons than expected, show enrichment for optimal codons at structurally sensitive sites and greater conservation of codon optimality under conditions of relaxed purifying selection.We suggest that highly expressed genes cannot routinely utilize GroEL for error control so that codon usage has evolved to provide complementary error limitation, whereas obligate GroEL substrates experience relaxed selection on codon usage.Our results support a critical role of misfolding prevention in gene evolution

Unobtrusive Health Monitoring in Private Spaces: The Smart Home

With the advances in sensor technology, big data, and artificial intelligence, unobtrusive in-home health monitoring has been a research focus for decades. Following up our research on smart vehicles, within the framework of unobtrusive health monitoring in private spaces, this work attempts to provide a guide to current sensor technology for unobtrusive in-home monitoring by a literature review of the state of the art and to answer, in particular, the questions: (1) What types of sensors can be used for unobtrusive in-home health data acquisition? (2) Where should the sensors be placed? (3) What data can be monitored in a smart home? (4) How can the obtained data support the monitoring functions? We conducted a retrospective literature review and summarized the state-of-the-art research on leveraging sensor technology for unobtrusive in-home health monitoring. For structured analysis, we developed a four-category terminology (location, unobtrusive sensor, data, and monitoring functions). We acquired 912 unique articles from four relevant databases (ACM Digital Lib, IEEE Xplore, PubMed, and Scopus) and screened them for relevance, resulting in n=55 papers analyzed in a structured manner using the terminology. The results delivered 25 types of sensors (motion sensor, contact sensor, pressure sensor, electrical current sensor, etc.) that can be deployed within rooms, static facilities, or electric appliances in an ambient way. While behavioral data (e.g., presence (n=38), time spent on activities (n=18)) can be acquired effortlessly, physiological parameters (e.g., heart rate, respiratory rate) are measurable on a limited scale (n=5). Behavioral data contribute to functional monitoring. Emergency monitoring can be built up on behavioral and environmental data. Acquired physiological parameters allow reasonable monitoring of physiological functions to a limited extent. Environmental data and behavioral data also detect safety and security abnormalities. Social interaction monitoring relies mainly on direct monitoring of tools of communication (smartphone; computer). In summary, convincing proof of a clear effect of these monitoring functions on clinical outcome with a large sample size and long-term monitoring is still lacking

Characterisation of a Coriolis flow meter for fuel consumption measurements in realistic drive cycle tests

When testing light-duty and heavy-duty vehicles on chassis dynamometers, as in the WLTP, or engines on engine test benches, as in the WHDC, it is required to measure the fuel consumption. In the preferable case, the measurement of the fuel consumption is carried out with suitable flow meters. These require high measurement accuracy in a wide flow range, independent of the fuel type, as the flow rate range is often very large and depends on the power range of the vehicle engines. Moreover, the fuel flow rate in the test cycles is very dynamically related to the loads. In the scope of the ongoing EMPIR Joint Research Project 20IND13 SAFEST the dynamic flow behaviour as well as the measurement accuracy of flow meters for different types of fuels are investigated. This paper presents first results from the realisation of dynamic flow profiles, and flow measurements with a Coriolis Flow Meter with different representative fuels in a wide density and viscosity range and a wide flow rate range at different fuel temperatures

Resistance of herbicides against Alopecurus myosuroides in Lower Saxony

Im Pflanzenschutzamt der LWK Niedersachsen werden Samen von Alopecurus myosuroides im sogenannten „Biotest“ auf metabolische Herbizidresistenz und bei Bedarf auf weitergehende Target-site Resistenz (TSR) untersucht. Auf den norddeutschen Flächen brechen ganze Wirkstoffgruppen bei der Bekämpfung von Acker-Fuchsschwanz in allen Ackerbaukulturen weg, insbesondere auf Flächen, die seit Jahren intensiv in engen Getreidefruchtfolgen bewirtschaftet werden. Auf knapp 50 % der untersuchten Standorte wurde eine mittlere bis starke ALS-Resistenz gegenüber Mesosulfuron (enthalten in Atlantis WG, Atlantis OD, Atlantis flex, Niantic) nachgewiesen. Weitere Herbizide aus der Gruppe der ALS-Hemmer sind betroffen, so zeigen rund die Hälfte der gegenüber Mesosulfuron resistenten niedersächsischen Standorte auch eine deutliche Wirkungseinschränkung gegenüber den Wirkstoffen Foramsulfuron und Thiencarbazone (beide enthalten in MaisTer Power) in Mais. Fast die Hälfte der untersuchten Proben zeigt in Niedersachsen keine ausreichende Wirkung mehr für die Wirkstoffgruppe der DIM, Focus Ultra ist besonders betroffen und in einem geringeren Umfang auch Select 240 EC. Die Wirkstoffgruppen A (ACCase-Hemmer), und C (Photosynthese Hemmer) leiden ebenfalls unter einem erhöhten Resistenzrisiko bei den Gräserarten und das gleichzeitig in den Wintergetreidearten, Winterraps und den Sommerungen wie Kartoffeln, Zuckerrüben, Mais und Sommergetreide. In der Wirkstoffgruppe K zeigt der Wirkstoff Flufenacet bei der Acker-Fuchsschwanzbekämpfung ebenfalls erste Ermüdungserscheinungen. Dagegen werden bislang keine Herbizidresistenzen in den Wirkstoffgruppen E (Flumioxazin, Carfentrazone und Bifenox), F (Diflufenican, Clomazone und den Triketonen) sowie in G (Glyphosat), N (Prosulfocarb, Ethofumesat und den Synthetischen Auxinen (Quinmerac, Aminopyralid, Clopyralid) und den sogenannten Wuchsstoffpräparaten beobachtet. Weitere Herbizidresistenzen lassen sich für Alopecurus myosuroides nur durch Wirkstoffwechsel, Wirkstoffkombination und ackerbaulichen Maßnahmen vermeiden.In the Plant Protection Office of the LWK Lower Saxony, seeds from Alopecurus myosuroides are tested in the so-called "bioassay" for metabolic herbicide resistance and, if necessary, for further target site resistance (TSR). On the North German plains, whole groups of active ingredients in the control of A. myosuroides break away in all agricultural crops, in particular on sites that have been cultivated intensively for years in short cereal-based crop rotation. Nearly 50% of the investigated sites showed medium to high resistance to mesosulfuron (contained in Atlantis WG, Atlantis OD, Atlantis flex, Niantic). Other herbicides from the HRAC group of ALS inhibitors are affected, with around half of the mesosulfuron-resistant samples from Lower Saxony also showing a significant reduction in their sensitivity to the active substance thiencarbazone (included in, for example, MaisTer Power) in maize. Almost half of the samples examined in Lower Saxony no longer have a sufficient sensitivity to the active ingredient group of DIMs; Focus Ultra is particularly affected and, to a lesser extent, Select 240 EC. HRAC groups A (ACCase inhibitors) and C (photosynthetic inhibitors) also suffer from an increased risk of resistance in grass species, and at the same time in winter cereals, winter rape and spring crops such as potatoes, sugar beets, maize and summer cereals. In the HRAC group group K, the active ingredient flufenacet also shows the first signs of efficacy loss in the field of A. myosuroides control. In contrast, so far no herbicide resistance in the HRAC groups E (flumioxazine, carfentrazone and bifenox), F (diflufenican, clomazone and the triketones), G (glyphosate), N (prosulfocarb, ethofumesate and the synthetic auxins (quinmerac, aminopyralid, clopyralid) and the so-called growth hormone preparations has been observed. Further herbicide resistance in A. myosuroides can only be mitigated by a rotation of active ingredients with different Mode of Action, the use of active ingredient combinations and agronomic measures

Solidification of small para-H2 clusters at zero temperature

We have determined the ground-state energies of para-H$_2$ clusters at zero temperature using the diffusion Monte Carlo method. The liquid or solid character of each cluster is investigated by restricting the phase through the use of proper importance sampling. Our results show inhomogeneous crystallization of clusters, with alternating behavior between liquid and solid phases up to N=55. From there on, all clusters are solid. The ground-state energies in the range N=13--75 are established and the stable phase of each cluster is determined. In spite of the small differences observed between the energy of liquid and solid clusters, the corresponding density profiles are significantly different, feature that can help to solve ambiguities in the determination of the specific phase of H$_2$ clusters.Comment: 17 pages, accepted for publication in J. Phys. Chem.

Activation of Innate Immune-Response Genes in Little Brown Bats (Myotis lucifugus) Infected with the Fungus Pseudogymnoascus destructans

Recently bats have been associated with the emergence of diseases, both as reservoirs for several new viral diseases in humans and other animals and, in the northern Americas, as hosts for a devastating fungal disease that threatens to drive several bat species to regional extinction. However, despite these catastrophic events little Information is available on bat defences or how they interact with their pathogens. Even less is known about the response of bats to infection during torpor or long-term hibernation. Using tissue samples collected at the termination of an experiment to explore the pathogenesis of White Nose Syndrome in Little Brown Bats, we determined if hibernating bats infected with the fungus Pseudogymnoascus destructans could respond to infection by activating genes responsible for innate immune and stress responses. Lesions due to fungal infection and, in some cases, secondary bacterial infections, were restricted to the skin. However, we were unable to obtain sufficient amounts of RNA from these sites. We therefore examined lungs for response at an epithelial surface not linked to the primary site of infection. We found that bats responded to infection with a significant increase in lungs of transcripts for Cathelicidin (an anti-microbial peptide) as well as the immune modulators tumor necrosis factor alpha and interleukins 10 and 23. In conclusion, hibernating bats can respond to experimental P. destructans infection by activating expression of innate immune response genes.Funding for this study was provided by a Fish and Wildlife Service grant to CRKW, TB and VM and by a Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council (Discovery) grant to VM and a fellowship within the Postdoc Programme of the DAAD, German Academic Exchange Service (to LW). The funders had no role in study design, data collection and analysis, decision to publish or preparation of the manuscript.https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.011228