Efektivitas Konseling Behavioral dengan Teknik Pembanjiran untuk Meminimalisasi Kecemasan Siswa dalam Menyampaikan Pendapat Kelas VIII di SMP Negeri 2 Singaraja Tahun Pelajaran 2013/2014

Penelitian ini merupakan penelitian eksperimen dengan tujuan untuk mengetahui: (1) apakah konseling behavioral dengan teknik pembanjiran untuk meminimalisasi kecemasan siswa dalam menyampaikan pendapat (2) ada perbedaan efektivitas antara konseling behavioral teknik pembanjiran dengan perlakuan konvensional untuk meminimalisasi kecemasan siswa dalam berpendapat. Populasi penelitian ini adalah siswa kelas VIII SMP Negeri 2 Singaraja Tahun Pelajaran 2013/2014 dengan jumlah populasi 575 orang. Sampel diambil menggunakan teknik purposive sampling dan dibantu dengan teknik random sampling. Sampel dalam penelitian ini adalah 20 orang siswa kelas VIII yang mengalami kecemasan dalam menyampaikan pendapat. Rancangan penelitian ini adalah pretest-posttest-control group design. Data penelitian dianalisis dengan teknik statistik t-test dan dibantu dengan program Microsoft office excel 2007. Bedasarkan hasil analisis, ditemukan bahwa (1) konseling behavioral teknik pemanjiran efektif untuk meminimalisir kecemasan, dilihat dari analisis nilai thitung > ttabel (59,2>2,262) (2) berdasarkan hasil perhitungan gain score, didapat bahwa kelompok eksperimen yaitu konseling behavioral teknik pembanjiran memiliki rata-rata nilai gain score lebih rendah dari rata-rata nilai gain score kelompok control yang hanya diberikan perlakuan konvensional (-55>-32,7). Berdasarkan analisis ini menunjukkan bahwa hipotesis yang diajukan dalam penelitian ini dapat diterima. Sehingga penerapan konseling behavioral teknik pembanjiran untuk meminimalisasi kecemasan siswa dalam menyampaikan pendapat kelas VIII di SMP Negeri 2 Singaraja tahun pelajaran 2013/2014 efektif.Kata Kunci : konseling behavioral, teknik pembanjiran, kecemasan dalam mengungkapkan pendapat This study is an experimental study in order to determine: (1) whether behavioral counseling with the flooding technique to minimize student anxiety in expression (2) there is a difference between the effectiveness of behavioral counseling flooding with conventional treatment techniques to minimize anxiety in the opinion of students. The population was eighth grade students of SMP Negeri 2 Singaraja academic year 2013/2014 with a population of 575 people. Samples were taken using purposive sampling techniques and assisted with random sampling technique. The samples in this study were 20 eighth grade students who experience anxiety in expression. The study design was a pretest-posttest-control group design. Data were analyzed by t-test statistical techniques and assisted with Microsoft Office Excel 2007 program. Based on the results of the analysis, it was found that (1) effective behavioral counseling techniques to minimize anxiety flooding, seen from the analysis of the value of t> t table (59.2> 2.262) (2) based on the results of the calculation of the gain scores, which found that the experimental group behavioral counseling flooding technique has an average value of gain scores lower than the average score value gain control group who were given conventional treatment (-55> -32.7) . Based on this analysis shows that the hypothesis proposed in this study can be accepted. So the application of behavioral counseling techniques to minimize flooding in the expression of anxiety students in Junior High School eighth grade 2 Singaraja academic year 2013/2014 effectively

Determinants of Stunting Children (0-59 Months) in Some Countries in Southeast Asia

Stunting is one of the main nutritional problems caused by malnutrition in children under 5 years old. Risk factors of stunting influenced by socio-economic, Infant and Young Child Feeding (IYCF), child illnesses, Water Sanitaon and Hygiene (WASH). These factors vary considerably accros the nation in southeast asia. The aim of this study was to determine the factors affecting in stunting of children (0-59 months) in Southeast Asia. It is needed to identified the right intervention. This systematic review was conducted using the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic reviews and Meta-Analysis (PRISMA) guidelines. Articles were searched by using pubMed database. The literature search outline in the methods indentified 14.790 arcles discuss stunting. We identified 60 articles potentially met all criteria using PubMed advanced search strategy. A total of 60 articles were retrieved from one database (PubMed), 11 articles met the inclusion criteria for stunting in Southeast Asia countries. In our review socio-economic status was reported as one of consistent factors associated with stunting in Cambodia, Myanmar, Indonesia, Laos, Thailand, and Malaysia. Low household income and lack education of mother influenced inappropriate IYCF practice, poor hygiene and sanitation, and care of child illnesses. Improving like income and maternal exposure to nutrition and health information especially for the topics of growth and development, appropriated IYCF, hygiene, sanitation, and child illnesses are required for continuous improvement in a specific strategy that involves many factors.&nbsp

Faktor Risiko Terjadinya Karies Baru Dengan Pendekatan Kariogram Pada Pasien Anak Di Klinik Kedokteran Gigi Anak RSGMP Prof. Soedomo YOGYAKARTA

Latar belakang. Faktor risiko karies adalah faktor yang berhubungan dengan kejadian karies pada individu dan populasi. Faktor risiko karies berbeda antar individu. Untuk menggambarkan interaksi antara faktor-faktor yang berhubungan dengan karies digunakan kariogram. Tujuan. Penelitian ini adalah untuk mendapatkan gambaran urutan faktor risiko karies dengan pendekatan kariogram pada pasien anak di klinik Kedokteran Gigi Anak RSGMP Prof. Soedomo. Metode. Subjek terdiri dari 26 anak dalam periode gigi-geligi bercampur. Dilakukan pemeriksaan tentang pengalaman karies, riwayat penyakit sistemik, frekuensi makan, skor plak, aktivitas Streptococcus mutans, volume sekresi saliva, pH saliva dan program fluoridasi. Hasil pemeriksaan dianalisis menggunakan program kariogram. Hasil. Penelitian menunjukkan bahwa rerata persentase faktor bakteri adalah 21,1%, faktor pola makan: 18,1%, faktor kerentanan gigi: 16,1% dan faktor lain-lain: 9,5%. Kesimpulan. Dapat disimpulkan bahwa urutan faktor risiko karies dengan pendekatan kariogram adalah bakteri, pola makan, kerentanan gigi dan faktor lain-lain. Background. Caries risk factor is factor related with caries incidence in individu and population. The caries risk factor is different between individu. For illustrating the interaction between caries related factors may be used cariogram. Aim. The aim of this research was to find out the sequence of caries risk factors from cariogram on children patients at the Clinic of Pediatric Dentistry Prof. Soedomo dental hospital. Method. Subjects were comprised 26 children in the periode of mixed dentition. Examinations were included: experience of caries, the history of systemic disease, daily meal frequency, plaque scoring, activity of Streptococcus mutans, the volume of saliva secretion, pH of saliva, and the participations of fluoridation program. The examination result were analyzed with programme cariogram. Result. The result showed that the mean of percentage bacteria factor was 21,1%, meal pattern factor: 18,1%, susceptible teeth factor: 16,1% and others factors 9,5%. Conclusion. It could be concluded that the sequence of caries risk factors from cariogram were bacteria, meal pattern, susceptible teeth and others factors