Explorations in sex role stereotypes

The investigation was undertaken to examine in a broad-based exploratory fashion four of the most salient factors in contemporary sex role research (differential evaluation of the sexes, the motive to avoid success, psychological androgyny, and attitudes toward women's roles in society) in an effort to achieve synthesis in a comprehensive theory of sex role ideology. The theory advanced here rests on the supposition that pervading sex role stereotypes are uncritically accepted by males and females and readily incorporated into emergent self concepts. While the assimilation of this artificial dichotomy of masculinity and femininity is restrictive to both sexes, the problem is more acute for the female due to the underlying notion of inferiority and adversely affects attitudinal, motivational and personality dispositions. The theory is corroborated by evidence which demonstrates he prevalence of stereotypic views in men and women varied in age, marital status, religion, educational and occupational history and its high correlation with unitarily stereotypic masculine or feminine self concepts, respectively. Dichotomized, sex appropriate self concepts are also associated with inflexible, conservative attitudes towards women's roles and behavioral potentials in society. Finally, the notion of feminine inferiority is illustrated by the devaluation of women in areas of professional expertise and motivational ambivalence and conflict concerning female achievement. In conclusion, sex role research is criticized on its neglect of critical synthesis of empirical data, and problems with theoretical validation are discussed in terms of phenomenology and methodological variation

The physical therapy and society summit (PASS) meeting: observations and opportunities

Journal ArticleThe construct of delivering high-quality and cost-effective health care is in flux, and the profession must strategically plan how to meet the needs of society. In 2006, the House of Delegates of the American Physical Therapy Association passed a motion to convene a summit on ?how physical therapists can meet current, evolving, and future societal health care needs.? The Physical Therapy and Society Summit (PASS) meeting on February 27?28, 2009, in Leesburg, Virginia, sent a clear message that for physical therapists to be effective and thrive in the health care environment of the future, a paradigm shift is required. During the PASS meeting, participants reframed our traditional focus on the physical therapist and the patient/client (consumer) to one in which physical therapists are an integral part of a collaborative, multidisciplinary health care team with the health care consumer as its focus. The PASS Steering Committee recognized that some of the opportunities that surfaced during the PASS meeting may be disruptive or may not be within the profession?s present strategic or tactical plans. Thus, adopting a framework that helps to establish the need for change that is provocative and potentially disruptive to our present care delivery, yet prioritizes opportunities, is a critical and essential step. Each of us in the physical therapy profession must take on post?PASS roles and responsibilities to accomplish the systemic change that is so intimately intertwined with our destiny. This article offers a perspective of the dynamic dialogue and suggestions that emerged from the PASS event, providing further opportunities for discussion and action within our profession

The culrtcre of honor

National L1niwrsiry of Singapore Commentary on "Immigration, Acculturation. and Adaptation" by John W. Berry John Berry has offered a comprehensive conceptual model for the study of immigration, acculturation, and adaptation that has evolved over more than 20 years of systematic and innovative work in the field. Elaborating and refining this amalgamated framework. Professor Berry has largely demystified the acculturative process by showing that the process and product of changing cultures can be understood in familiar terms and be interpreted in the light of existing theories in mainstream psychology. These theories are referred to as "points of view" and identified as a culture learning/social skills acquisition approach, a psychological model of stress, and a psychopathology or mental disease perspective. Berry attempts to integrate these three perspectives into his framework for acculturation research (hi

Comprendre la participation des superviseurs en médecine familiale communautaire au scholarship de l’éducation : perceptions, facteurs d'influence et pistes d'action prometteuses

Background: Residency training is increasingly occurring in community settings. The opportunity for community-based scholarship is untapped and substantial. We explored Community Family Medicine Preceptors’ understanding of Educational Scholarship (ES), looked at barriers and enablers to ES, and identified opportunities to promote the growth of ES in this setting. Methods: We conducted semi-structured interviews with fifteen purposively chosen community-based Family Medicine preceptors in a distributed Canadian family medicine program. Results: Community Family Medicine Preceptors strongly self-identify as clinical teachers. They are not well acquainted with the definition of ES, but recognize themselves as scholars.  Community Family Medicine Preceptors recognize ES has significant value to themselves, their patients, communities, and learners. Most Community Family Medicine Preceptors were interested and willing to invest in ES, but lack of time and scarcity of primary care research experience were seen as barriers.  Research process support and a connection to the academic center were considered enablers. Opportunities to promote the growth of ES include recognition that there are fundamental differences between community and academic sites, the development of a mentorship program, and a process to encourage engagement. Conclusions: Community Family Medicine Preceptors identify foremost as clinician teachers.  They are engaged in and recognize the value of ES to their professional community at large and to their patients and learners.  There is a growing commitment to the development of ES in the communityContexte : Les stages de résidence se font de plus en plus en milieu communautaire, un milieu qui offre des possibilités de scholarship intéressantes demeurant inexploitées. Nous avons étudié la compréhension qu’ont les superviseurs en médecine familiale communautaire au sujet du scholarship de l’éducation (SÉ), examiné les obstacles et les facteurs favorables au SÉ et identifié les possibilités de le promouvoir dans le cadre communautaire. Méthodes : Nous avons mené des entretiens semi-structurés avec quinze cliniciens enseignants en médecine familiale communautaire choisis à dessein dans un programme de médecine familiale décentralisée au Canada. Résultats : Les superviseurs en médecine familiale communautaire se définissent fermement comme cliniciens enseigants. Peu familiers avec la définition du SÉ, ils se considèrent néanmoins comme érudits. Ils reconnaissent l’importance considérable du scholarship de l’éducation autant pour eux que pour leurs patients, les communautés et les apprenants. La plupart des superviseurs en médecine familiale communautaire se disent intéressés et disposés à s’investir en SÉ, mais se sentent limités par le manque de temps et le peu d'expérience en recherche en soins primaires. Le soutien au processus de recherche et un lien avec le centre universitaire sont considérés comme éléments favorables. La possibilité de développer le SÉ passe par la reconnaissance des différences fondamentales entre les sites communautaires et universitaires, la création d'un programme de mentorat et la mise en place d’un processus visant à encourager l'engagement. Conclusions : Les superviseurs en médecine familiale communautaire se définissent avant tout comme des cliniciens enseignants. Ils s’investissent dans le SÉ et ils reconnaissent son importance pour leur communauté professionnelle, leurs patients et leurs apprenants. Il y a un engagement croissant envers le développement du SÉ dans la communauté

Normative Multiculturalism in Socio-Political Context

Normative multiculturalism refers to individuals’ perceptions about the extent to which interactions between culturally diverse groups, multicultural policies and practices, and diversity-valuing ideologies are common or normative in one’s society. In this paper, we explore these dimensions of normative multiculturalism as predictors of social connectedness (trust) and psychological well-being (flourishing) in two socio-political contexts: The United States and the United Kingdom. Two hundred and eighty-four residents (143 Hispanics and 141 non-Hispanic Whites) in the United States and 375 (125 British Indians and 250 British Whites) participated in the research. The results revealed that normative Multicultural Ideology predicted greater trust and normative Multicultural Contact predicted greater flourishing in both countries; however, minority-majority group status moderated the effects in different ways in the two contexts. The positive effects of normative multicultural ideology were confined to Hispanics in the United States, while in the United Kingdom it held for both groups with the effects being stronger for Whites. In addition, the positive effects of normative multicultural contact on flourishing was stronger for Indians than for Whites in the United Kingdom. The findings are discussed in relation to socio-political context and group characteristics along with limitations of the research

The Impact of Supervisor Servant Leadership on Counselor Supervisee Burnout and Secondary Traumatic Stress

This study investigates the prediction of supervisee burnout and secondary traumatic stress by perceived supervisor servant leadership. Authors hypothesized that the servant leadership of supervisors would predict diminished burnout and secondary traumatic stress of supervisees. A sample of 241 counseling supervisees participated in the cross-sectional study and completed instruments measuring burnout, secondary traumatic stress, and perceived servant leadership of their direct supervisors. Data were analyzed with two simple linear regressions, and a one-way MANOVA was performed to determine if supervisee burnout, supervisee secondary traumatic stress, and perceived servant leadership of supervisors differed significantly according to supervisor type (i.e., clinical, administrative, or dual role). Results confirmed the main hypothesis, and administrative supervisors were perceived to demonstrate significantly less servant leadership qualities than the other two supervisor types. Limitations, avenues for future research, and implications for counselor education and supervision are discussed

Full thickness epidermal burn from a heating pad on a cesarean incision with silver dressing: a case report

We present a case of a full thickness epidermal burn resulting from an all-natural clay-based heating pad over a cesarean incision silver dressing to bring awareness to the risks associated with nonpharmacologic management of post cesarean pain. There is limited guidance on nonpharmacological management of post cesarean pain. It is important that providers are able to advise their patients about their options, including to be wary of using heating pads on post-cesarean dressings, especially with pain in the early post-partum period

Returning home: The role of expectations in re‐entry adaptation

Returning home after a study abroad experience can be challenging. In the current research, we examine the discrepancy between adaptation expectations and experience in a longitudinal sojourner study (N = 1319; Mage = 17 years; 70% female). Returnees adaptation expectations were assessed prior to returning home, followed by post return measures of adaptation experiences and general well-being. Overall, returnees reported higher levels of re-entry adaptation than anticipated. According to the accuracy hypothesis, unmet expectations will be associated with lower well-being. In contrast, the directional hypothesis suggests that unmet expectations will negatively impact on well-being, but only if the expectation is undermet. Well-being on return was regressed on pre-travel adaptation expectations and adaptation experience on re-entry. Polynomial regression and Response Surface Analyses were conducted for two outcome variables (stress and satisfaction with life), two types of adaptation (psychological and sociocultural), and at different time points (approximately 2 weeks and 6 months after return). Results consistently show that larger discrepancies were associated with lower well-being for negative mismatches (when expectations were undermet). For positive mismatches, if adaptation was better than expected, well-being was higher. Congruence between expectation and experience were not associated with well-being. Thus, across analyses, results supported a directional hypothesis