W49A North - Global or Local or No Collapse?

We attempt to fit observations with 5" resolution of the J=2-1 transition of CS in the directions of H II regions A, B, and G of W49A North as well as observations with 20" resolution of the J=2-1, 3-2, 5-4, and 7-6 transitions in the directions of H II regions A and G by using radiative transfer calculations. These calculations predict the intensity profiles resulting from several spherical clouds along the line of sight. We consider three models: global collapse of a very large (5 pc radius) cloud, localized collapse from smaller (1 pc) clouds around individual H II regions, and multiple, static clouds. For all three models we can find combinations of parameters that reproduce the CS profiles reasonably well provided that the component clouds have a core-envelope structure with a temperature gradient. Cores with high temperature and high molecular hydrogen density are needed to match the higher transitions (e.g. J=7-6) observed towards A and G. The lower temperature, low density gas needed to create the inverse P-Cygni profile seen in the CS J=2-1 line (with 5" beam) towards H II region G arises from different components in the 3 models. The infalling envelope of cloud G plus cloud B creates the absorption in global collapse, cloud B is responsible in local collapse, and a separate cloud, G', is needed in the case of many static clouds. The exact nature of the velocity field in the envelopes for the case of local collapse is not important as long as it is in the range of 1 to 5 km/s for a turbulent velocity of about 6 km/s. High resolution observations of the J=1-0 and 5-4 transitions of CS and C34S may distinguish between these three models. Modeling existing observations of HCO+ and C18O does not allow one to distinguish between the three models but does indicate the existence of a bipolar outflow.Comment: 42 pages, 27 figures, accepted for publication in the ApJS August 2004, v153 issu

Issues with management, maintenance and upkeep in ETFE enclosures

Ethylene tetra-fluoro-ethylene (ETFE) foil, as a single layer or as multi-layer inflated cushions, has been in used in the building industry for nearly 30 years as a medium to cover and clad both façades and atria. Its longevity has been well publicised and proven with many projects showing little or no signs of degradation. The number of ETFE foil structures has been steadily rising in recent years, and with this the inevitable need for maintenance has also risen. The anticipated life of ETFE foil is now suggested to be as long as 50 years [1], and as with any other building material, regular inspections are necessary to ensure the continued optimal operation of the enclosure

A NERCHE Annual Report: Profiles of Public Engagement: Findings from the Ernest A. Lynton Award for the Scholarship of Engagement for Early Career Faculty

Community-campus engagement has evolved significantly over the past quarter century, shaped by a number of factors. One has been the effort to reclaim the civic mission of American higher education. Frank Newman, while at the Carnegie Foundation for the Advancement of Teaching in the early 1980s, asserted that the most critical demand is to restore to higher education its original purpose of preparing graduates for a life of involved and committed citizenship,” and concluded that “the advancement of civic learning, therefore, must become higher education\u27s most central goal (1985, xiv). Another factor has been the increased understanding that colleges and universities serve as “anchor institutions” (Axelrod & Dubb, 2010) and thus have responsibilities to their neighbors to act as “stewards of place” (American Association of State Colleges and Universities, 2002). There is also the influence of research in the cognitive sciences and developmental psychology that has provided a deep understanding of how students learn, highlighting the importance of validating prior experiences and gaining higher-order thinking skills through inquiry-based, problem-posing teaching and learning strategies that involve students in addressing important, trans-disciplinary issues in communities (National Research Council, 2000). Finally, there is an emerging awareness that generating knowledge increasingly requires new epistemological frameworks and research methods that honor and emphasize the “ecological” or interconnected nature of knowledge generation that includes but go well beyond the academy (Bjarnason & Coldstream, 2003; Gibbons et al., 1994; Saltmarsh, 2011). This last factor, in turn, is being driven especially by a new generation of scholars who are fundamentally oriented to networked knowledge generation and are creating integrated academic identities as engaged scholars (Sturm, Eatman, Saltmarsh, & Bush, 2011). In many ways, the Ernest A. Lynton Award for the Scholarship of Engagement is a product of this set of influences, particularly the evolution of perspectives on knowledge generation and the scholarly work of faculty. NERCHE created the annual Ernest A. Lynton Award in 1996 to recognize excellence in what was then called “Faculty Professional Service and Academic Outreach.” In 2007, it was renamed the Ernest A. Lynton Award for the Scholarship of Engagement to reflect shifts during the intervening decade toward a fundamentally more collaborative, integrative conceptualization of faculty work. What has not changed is the recognition of Ernest Lynton’s key contributions to engaged knowledge generation and its implications for faculty work and institutional change

Submillimeter wave heterodyne receiver

In an embodiment, a submillimeter wave heterodyne receiver includes a finline ortho-mode transducer comprising thin tapered metallic fins deposited on a thin dielectric substrate to separate a vertically polarized electromagnetic mode from a horizontally polarized electromagnetic mode. Other embodiments are described and claimed

Relationship Between Static Mobility of the First Ray and First Ray, Midfoot, and Hindfoot Motion During Gait

The relationship between a static measure of dorsal first ray mobility and dynamic motion of the first ray, midfoot, and hindfoot during the stance phase of walking was investigated in healthy, asymptomatic subjects who represented the spectrum of static flexibility. Static first ray mobility of 15 subjects was measured by a load cell device and ranged from stiff (3.1 mm) to lax (8.0 mm). Using three-dimensional motion analysis, mean first ray dorsiflexion/eversion and mid-/hindfoot eversion peak motion, time-to-peak, and eversion excursion were evaluated. Subjects with greater static dorsal mobility of the first ray demonstrated significantly greater time-topeak hindfoot eversion and eversion excursion (p \u3c .01), and midfoot peak eversion and eversion excursion (p \u3c .01). No significant association was found between static first ray mobility and first ray motion during gait. This research provides evidence that the dynamic response of the foot may modulate the consequences of first ray mobility and that compensory strategies are most effective when static measures of dorsal mobility are most extreme

Changes in hatchery subsidies of Chinook salmon in the Salish Sea: implications for predators, fisheries, and conservation

Historically, salmon hatcheries were designed to increase fishery production and to recover depleted native populations. As demands of human protein consumption increase and wild populations continue to decline due to anthropogenic impacts like climate change and habitat loss, hatcheries and stocking programs will be called on to provide food security and to supplement threatened populations. Since 1950 over 3.7 billion Chinook salmon have been released into the Salish Sea and its tributaries in Washington State and southern British Columbia. However, relatively little research has been conducted that considers the impact of hatchery subsidies on estuarine and nearshore marine ecosystems in this region. Here, we assessed spatiotemporal patterns of several traits in hatchery-origin Chinook salmon in the Salish Sea over the last 65 years. We found that the average size at release of hatchery Chinook has increased significantly in Puget Sound, but not the Strait of Georgia. Further, it appears the average release date from hatcheries in the Puget Sound and Strait of Georgia have both converged within a common two week window. This could suggest diminished strength of the portfolio effect of hatchery subsidies on the Chinook salmon population complex in the Salish Sea. In this talk, I’ll discuss the implications these changes in hatchery practices could have for conservation of wild salmon populations, predators of salmon, and fishery production in the northeastern Pacific

Using Geographic Information Systems for Exposure Assessment in Environmental Epidemiology Studies

Geographic information systems (GIS) are being used with increasing frequency in environmental epidemiology studies. Reported applications include locating the study population by geocoding addresses (assigning mapping coordinates), using proximity analysis of contaminant source as a surrogate for exposure, and integrating environmental monitoring data into the analysis of the health outcomes. Although most of these studies have been ecologic in design, some have used GIS in estimating environmental levels of a contaminant at the individual level and to design exposure metrics for use in epidemiologic studies. In this article we discuss fundamentals of three scientific disciplines instrumental to using GIS in exposure assessment for epidemiologic studies: geospatial science, environmental science, and epidemiology. We also explore how a GIS can be used to accomplish several steps in the exposure assessment process. These steps include defining the study population, identifying source and potential routes of exposure, estimating environmental levels of target contaminants, and estimating personal exposures. We present and discuss examples for the first three steps. We discuss potential use of GIS and global positioning systems (GPS) in the last step. On the basis of our findings, we conclude that the use of GIS in exposure assessment for environmental epidemiology studies is not only feasible but can enhance the understanding of the association between contaminants in our environment and disease

Crystallographic and magnetic identification of secondary phase in orientated Bi5Fe0.5Co0.5Ti3O15 ceramics

Oxide materials which exhibit both ferroelectricity and ferromagnetism are of great interest for sensors and memory applications. Layered bismuth titanates with an Aurivillius structure, (BiFeO3)nBi4Ti3O12, can possess ferroelectric and ferromagnetic order parameters simultaneously. It has recently been demonstrated that one such example, Bi5Fe0.5Co0.5Ti3O15,where n = 1 with half the Fe3+ sites substituted by Co3+ ions, exhibits both ferroelectric and ferromagnetic properties at room temperature. Here we report the fabrication of highly-oriented polycrystalline ceramics of this material, prepared via molten salt synthesis and uniaxial pressing of high aspect ratio platelets. Electron backscatter images showed that there is a secondary phase within the ceramic matrix which is rich in cobalt and iron, hence this secondary phase could contribute in the main phase ferromagnetic property. The concentration of the secondary phase obtained from secondary electron microscopy is estimated at less than 2.5 %, below the detection limit of XRD. TEM was used to identify the crystallographic structure of the secondary phase, which was shown to be cobalt ferrite, CoFe2O4. It is inferred from the data that the resultant ferromagnetic response identified using VSM measurements was due to the presence of the minor secondary phase. The Remanent magnetization at room temperature was Mr ≈ 76 memu/g which dropped down to almost zero (Mr ≈ 0.8 memu/g) at 460 oC, far lower than the anticipated for CoFe2O4