An Investigation Into the Short-Term Effects of Photobiomodulation on the Mechanical Nociceptive Thresholds of M. Longissimus and M. Gluteus Medius, in Relation to Muscle Firing Rate in Horses at Three Different Gaits

Back pain is a common condition in horses, yet despite this, quantitative assessments of the efficacy of treatment are scarce. Mechanical nociceptive thresholds (MNTs) and acoustic myography (AMG) recordings were obtained, both preinterventionand postintervention, from the left and right epaxial muscles in eight healthy general riding horses (mean age 17 ± 6 yrs). Using an algometer, MNT readings were taken at each of the 6 preselected points along the thoracolumbar M. longissimus and M. gluteus medius region. AMG recordings of the M. longissimus and M. gluteus medius were taken while walking, trotting, and cantering on a left or right hand 20m circle on a longe, on a waxed sand surface in an indoor arena. Horses were then treated using a class 1 laser. Therapy was applied for 1 minute at 1000 Hz to the same preselected points from which MNT measurements had previously been taken. Measurements were subsequently taken 1 hour and 24 hours post-treatment for MNT reading, and only 24 hours after for AMG measurements. No significant effect of treatment was noted for the MNTs. The AMG results were analyzed in terms of their temporal summation (T-score), where statistically significant improvements in the T-scores for M. longissimus and M. gluteus medius were noted for the different gaits. It is concluded that cold laser therapy has a positive effect on horse muscles that reveals a change in their firing frequency that is commensurate with changes seen with analgesia in subjects experiencing pain.</p

Additional file 1 of A time trade-off study to determine health-state utilities of transplant recipients with refractory cytomegalovirus infection with or without resistance

Additional file1. Table S1. Summary of participants' clinical experience. Table S2. Final vignette: Clinically significant and symptomatic CMV (CS-symptomatic CMV). Table S3. Final vignette: Clinically significant and symptomatic CMV (CS-symptomatic CMV) with GvHD. Table S4. Final vignette: Clinically significant and symptomatic CMV (CS-symptomatic CMV) with kidney graft loss. Table S5. Final vignette: Clinically significant and symptomatic CMV (CS-symptomatic CMV) with lung graft loss. Table S6. Final vignette: Clinically significant and asymptomatic CMV (CS-asymptomatic CMV). Table S7. Final vignette: Clinically significant and asymptomatic CMV (CS-asymptomatic CMV) with GvHD. Table S8. Final vignette: Clinically significant and asymptomatic CMV (CS-asymptomatic CMV) with kidney graft loss. Table S9. Final vignette: Clinically significant and asymptomatic CMV (CS-asymptomatic CMV) with lung graft loss. Table S10. Final vignette: Non-clinically significant CMV (non-CS CMV). Table S11. Final vignette: Non-clinically significant CMV (non-CS CMV) with GvHD. Table S12. Final vignette: Non-clinically significant CMV (non-CS CMV) with kidney graft loss. Table S13. Final vignette: Non-clinically significant CMV (non-CS CMV) with lung graft loss

Comparison of risk allele frequencies between the control groups from the Pakistani studies and between the combined total of the Pakistani control groups and NPHSII.

<p>Comparisons were performed using tests of proportion. RAF = Risk Allele Frequency, CI = Confidence Interval.</p><p>Comparison of risk allele frequencies between the control groups from the Pakistani studies and between the combined total of the Pakistani control groups and NPHSII.</p

Association between gene score and outcome in the Pakistani samples.

<p>Logistic regression was performed for each group. (A) Islamabad study, outcome is MI, and (B) Lahore study, outcome is CHD. Error bars represent 95% confidence intervals.</p

SNPs included in the gene scores.

<p>SNPs marked with an asterisk (*) are included in both the 19 and 13 SNP gene score.</p><p>⁺rs599839 was genotyped instead of rs646776, r² = 0.95 in Europeans</p><p>⁺⁺For rs7412, the protective SNP is included in the gene score</p><p>SNPs included in the gene scores.</p

Characteristics of the Pakistani sample sets.

<p>Categorical variables were compared using a χ² test while continuous variables were compared using Welch’s t-tests.</p><p>* Log transformed data. Geometric mean and approximate SD are given.</p><p>Characteristics of the Pakistani sample sets.</p

Association between gene score and CHD in NPHSII.

<p>Logistic regression (age adjusted) was performed for each group. Error bars represent 95% confidence intervals.</p

Reclassification of NPHSII participants with the addition of the gene scores to the Framingham conventional risk factor score.

<p>NRI = net reclassification index.</p><p>Reclassification of NPHSII participants with the addition of the gene scores to the Framingham conventional risk factor score.</p

Baseline Characteristics of NPHSII participants.

<p>All variable are present as the mean plus standard deviation, apart from the Framingham 10 year CHD risk score where the mean and interquartile range are given.</p><p>Baseline Characteristics of NPHSII participants.</p

Frequent variants pre-screened in 28 LCA families.

<p>^#In original description [<a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0119806#pone.0119806.ref064" target="_blank">64</a>] this variant erroneously was indicated as c.3101T>C.</p><p>^$In lymphoblast cells, 50% of the resulting mRNA contains a cryptic exon resulting in a predicted stop mutation and 50% of the mRNA is normal [<a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0119806#pone.0119806.ref028" target="_blank">28</a>].</p><p>Frequent variants pre-screened in 28 LCA families.</p