SESBANIA GRANDIFLORA: NEW NUTRACEUTICAL USE AS ANTIDIABETIC

Nutraceuticals are the emerging era in the treatment of diabetes mellitus, one of the seriously problematic due to leading the causes of death in all over the world. The newer anti-hyperglycemic drugs continue searching because the existing synthetic drugs have several limitations. Traditional medicinal plants are used in the treatment of diabetes mellitus more than a century, but only a few of these have proofed their safe and efficacious. The aim of this review article is focused Sesbania grandiflora one of the medicinal plants used for antioxidant activities. It contains several kinds of alkaloids, flavonoids, saponins, tannin, diterpenes, triterpenoids, glycosides and phenols. Many researchers have evaluated that these phytochemical substances have the major impact on diabetes mellitus. This review focuses on the hypoglycemic activity of this plant and clears that it has the potential to be considered as a candidate for preparing the new treatment of diabetes mellitus

REVIEW OF NUTRACEUTICAL USES OF AN ANTIOXIDANT SUNFLOWER SPROUT, HELIANTHUS ANNUUS

The concept of clean food or green food†is very popular in the present lifestyle. The green sprouts have been an increase in consumers' demands such as alfalfa (Medicago sativa), broccoli (Brassica oleracea), lentil (Lens culinaris), mung bean (Phaseolus aureus), radish (Raphanus sativus), soybean (Glycine max), sunflower (Helianthus annuus) and other seed sprouts that are usually eaten fresh or cooked for beverages, soups, appetizers, or main courses. Not only are the delicious menus, the sprouts also considered to provide health benefits. H. annuus is a folk remedy for chronic diseases like bronchiectasis, cough, diarrhea, hypertension, infection, and rheumatism. Its phytochemical substances are alkaloids, carotenoids, flavonoid, minerals, oils, phenols, tannins, terpene compounds, and vitamins, which all of these contribute to its remedial properties. This review is an attempt to compile information on nutraceutical uses of sunflower sprout, H. annuus in the antioxidant property

Effects of salinity level on the activity of chloride cell and mucus secreting cell in the gill of the female Shortfin molly, Poecilia mexicana Steindachner, 1863

Ovoviviparous poeciliid fishes have been relatively well studied in the unique reproductive strategy, but their osmoregulatory system largely remains unknown. In this study, we conducted a short-term (7 days) lab experiment to investigate the effect of different salinity levels from 0 (freshwater) to 50 ppt (mesosaline) on the number of chloride cells and mucus secreting cells of female Poecilia mexicana. Chloride cells were found at high density along the epithelial lamellae, whereas mucus secreting cells were also concentrated in the gill raker epithelium. More interestingly, the average density of chloride cells and the mucus secreting cell were significantly increased at high salinity levels (P < 0.05). While further validation by immunohistochemistry is warranted, integrative data from our study suggested that the potential function of the osmoregulatory mechanism/strategy was supported by chloride and mucus secreting cells of female P. mexicana gill

Observation of gut content and morpho-histology of the digestive system in Pisodonophis boro (Hamilton, 1822) from Pranburi River Estuary, Thailand

The snake eel, Pisodonophis boro, is an important ecological and subsistence component of the Pranburi River estuary. Here, we used gut content analysis and morpho-histology to examine optimum foraging theory in P. boro in the Pranburi River estuary. Gut content analysis revealed that four species of crabs, including Metaplax elegans, Perisesarma bidens, Sarmatium germaini, and Uca perplexa, but S. germaini were consistently present at high levels in the gut throughout a year-long study. The index of relative importance showed that the most important prey was S. germaini. The overall anatomical morphology of the digestive system of P. boro was elongated, and the stomach appeared as Y-shaped. The histology of the P. boro esophagus, stomach, and intestine were examined followed the standard histological techniques. Goblet cells through the digestive tract of P. boro were also seen among the epitheliums and reacted positively to periodic acid schiff and alcian blue staining methods. Overall, we suggest that P. boro is a specialist feeder on crabs rather than an opportunistic feeder

Distribución y cambios del sistema sbGnRH en machos de Rastrelliger brachysoma durante el período reproductivo

Rastrelliger brachysoma&nbsp;is a mariculture candidate species, but reproduction in captive fish has been problematic. This report examines the difference in the HPG axis, the neuroendocrine system and the development of reproductive tissues between captive vs. wild male&nbsp;R. brachysoma. The gonadosomatic index (GSI) of sexually mature male wild&nbsp;R. brachysoma&nbsp;was 1.12±0.34 and 1.94±0.26 during the non-breeding and breeding seasons, respectively. Captive&nbsp;R. brachysoma&nbsp;had a GSI of 1.88±0.17. All wild&nbsp;R. brachysoma&nbsp;were in the late spermatogenic stage irrespective of seasons. Immunostaining results showed that sbGnRH-immunoreactive neurons were distributed in three areas of the brain, namely the nucleus periventricularis, nucleus preopticus and nucleus lateralis tuberis. Follicle stimulating hormone and luteinizing hormone immunoreactivities were also observed in the pituitary gland. The levels of brain sbGnRH and GtH mRNA were not significantly different between the non-breeding and breeding seasons, but captive fish displayed (times or percent difference) lower mRNA levels than wild fish. These results suggest that these hormones control the testicular development in&nbsp;R. brachysoma&nbsp;and that the impaired reproduction in captivity may be due to their relative lower expression levels of follicle stimulating hormone and luteinizing hormone genes.Rastrelliger brachysoma&nbsp;es una especie candidata para la piscicultura marina, pero la reproducción de individuos cautivos de esta especie ha sido problemática. Este estudio examina las diferencias en el eje hipotálamo-hipófisis-gónada (eje HPG), junto con el desarrollo de tejidos reproductivos, entre machos cautivos y salvajes de&nbsp;R. brachysoma. El índice gonadosomático (IGS) de machos salvajes de&nbsp;R. brachysoma&nbsp;sexualmente maduros fue de 1.12±0.34 y 1.94±0.26 durante la estación no-reproductiva y reproductiva, respectivamente. Los&nbsp;R. brachysoma&nbsp;cautivos mostraron un IGS de 1.88±0.17. Todos los&nbsp;R. brachysoma&nbsp;salvajes se encontraban en un estado de espermatogénesis tardío, independientemente de la estación. Los resultados de inmunotinción mostraron que las neuronas sbGnRH-inmunoreactivas se distribuían en tres áreas del cerebro, nucleus periventricularis, nucleus preopticus y nucleus lateralis tuberis. Se detectó inmunoreactividad para Fsh y Lh también en la hipófisis. Los niveles de mRNA de sbgnrh y gths en cerebro no fueron significativamente diferentes entre las estaciones de reproducción y no-reproducción, aunque se observaron niveles de mRNA menores (diferencia en nivel o porcentaje) en individuos cautivos que en salvajes. Estos resultados sugieren que las hormonas analizadas controlan el desarrollo testicular en&nbsp;R. brachysoma&nbsp;y que la inhibición de la reproducción en cautividad podría ser debida a unos menores niveles de expresión relativa de los genes de Fsh y Lh

Histopathological observation and health status of the zebra-snout seahorse Hippocampus barbouri Jordan &amp; Richardson, 1908 in captivity

The health status of the zebra-snout seahorse, Hippocampus barbouri in captivity has been required for approval for aquaculture. In this study, we investigated the histopathological appearance of three vital organs including gill, kidney and liver in captive H. barbouri during its juvenile and adult stages, by using histological techniques. In juveniles from stage 14-days (100% prevalence) towards stage 30-days adults (100% prevalence), the gills exhibited intraepithelial edema and necrosis while hepatic tissue showed evidence of intracytoplasmic vacuoles. In addition, histological alteration to renal tissues was observed the degeneration of renal tubules, the presence of melanomacrophage, and the infection of trematode parasites. The parasites were found in stage 30-days adult fish in the kidney (33.3 % prevalence). Taken together, this study highlights the issue of health in captive rearing of H. barbouri, in particular histopathological alterations in gill, liver and kidney tissues, suggesting that aquaculture of this seahorse species requires improved methods and protocols for maintenance and preventing infection

Cytotoxicity and Histopathological Analysis of Capsicum frutescens via Artemia salina

Capsicum genus contains many species of sweet and hot chili peppers. Capsicum frutescens is one of the important chili peppers that used as flavor, aroma and spices in the national cuisine. It has also been used as medicinal agents. The phytochemical compound which is responsible for the pungency is capsaicin. For control safety consumption, therefore the toxicity or side effect needs to be investigated. The aim of this research evaluated the amount of total phenols contents from different factors such as colors (red and green) and fruit parts (pericarp, capsaicin gland or placenta, and seed) of C. frutescens aqueous extraction in 1, 3, 5, 10 and 24 hours. The highest total phenolic content was shown in the 24 h extraction. So, this extraction time was used to investigate the cytotoxicity and histopathological alteration by using brine shrimp, Artemia salina as an animal model. Ten adults A. salina were incubated at room temperature for 24 h with various concentrations of chili. The mortality number of A. salina was recorded and the median lethal concentration value was calculated. The highest toxicity was reported in the green pericarp group. The primarily target organ was the intestine of brine shrimp. Enterocytes showed abnormal morphology such as edema, hyperplasia, disorganized arrangement, and finally necrosis. Moreover, the pericarp of the green chili showed the most severe results. It can be concluded that different colors and fruit parts of C. frutescens show different amounts of phenolic content and correlate with cytotoxicity leading to the severity of histopathological alteration in A. salina

Ovarian histology and reproductive health of short mackerel, Rastrelliger brachysoma (Bleeker, 1851), as threatened marine fish in Thailand

The ovarian structure and reproductive health of short mackerel, Rastrelliger brachysoma in the upper Gulf of Thailand from non-breeding (October to November 2013) and breeding seasons (December 2013 to February 2014), were examined by histological and histochemical techniques. The results revealed that the ovary in this species was enclosed by the tunica albuginea. It was considered as an asynchronous type, which could be classified into seven stages based on its histological characteristics. These seven stages were oogonium, chromatin nucleolar, perinucleolar, oil droplet and cortical alveolar, early, late and post vitellogenic stages. During the oogenic processes, the change and characterization of inclusions including lipids, cortical alveoli and yolk granules were detected by histolochemical techniques. The ovarian histopathology in R brachysoma was detected. This includes ovarian degeneration, ovarian atrophy and atresia in different stages (oogonia, previtellogenic stages and vitellogenic stages) as well as melano-magcrophage centers. Atretic follicles and ovarian atrophy were also observed and could negatively affect the reproductive health of the species, which could lead to population declines in R. brachysoma as well as threaten other marine fishes connected through the food web in Thailand

Natural Science Induction of testis-ova in nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) exposed to 17�-estradiol

The efficacy of Endocrine Disrupting Compounds (EDCs), 17β-estradiol was tested on the fish Oreochromis niloticus in order to understand the intersex relationship of fish, in which sequential hermaphrodism can consist of a male changing into a female (protandry) or a female changing into a male (protogyny). The fish were equally divided into 3 groups. The first group was the control group; the second and third groups were treated with 10 and 100 �g L-1 of 17β-estradiol, respectively, for 30 days. The overall result in this experiment had no significant effect on the growth parameters. Among the two treated groups, the low concentration group shows results similar to those of the control groups. The high concentration group shows changes to the male reproductive system with the appearance of the testis-ova present resulting in an intersex condition of the male gonads. With this experiment, it can be concluded that 17β-estradiol at high concentration reveals positive changes towards the male reproductive system of the fish, Oreochromis niloticus