Gambaran Makroskopik Dan Mikroskopik Otak Besar Pada Hewan Coba Postmortem

: Most brain cells belong to pyramidal cells which are very sensitive toward conditions that cause cell death. This study was aimed to obtain macroscopic and microscopic postmortem changes of the brain according to time variations up to 48 hours. This study was conducted at Histology Laboratorium, Medical Faculty of Sam Ratulangi University, Manado. Two domestic pigs weighing 20 kg were used as models. Macroscopic and microscopic observations were done at certain interval times. The results showed that at 16 hours postmortem, the brain looked pale, its consistency became softer and watery, and the inner part would crumble under touch. At 44 hours postmortem most of the brain became watery which was complete at 48 hours postmortem. Microscopic observations were done on brain samples at time intervals, as follows: 1 hour, 2 hours, 3 hours, 4 hours, 5 hours, 6 hours, 9 hours, 10 hours, 12 hours, 14 hours, 16 hours, 18 hours, 20 hours, 22 hours, and 24 hours postmortem. The earliest microscopic change was observed at 3 hours postmortem as the enlargement of clear zones around the pyramidal cells. At 7 hours postmortem, the pyramidal cells became flattened, darker, and shorter. At 18 hours postmortem, the pyramidal cells underwent fragmentation, and at 24 hours postmortem they became lysis leaving empty spaces. Conclusion: All parts of the brain became watery at 48 hours postmortem. The microscopic changes were the enlargemnet of clear zones around the pyramidal cells, the cells became darker, flattened, and shorter, underwent fragmentation and lysis leaving empty spaces

Gambaran Proses Radang Luka Postmortem Pada Hewan Coba

: Skin is the largest and heaviest organ in human body. Its role as a barrier and its location at the surface of human body make it susceptible to trauma which in consequence to wound formation. Human body responses to wound by initiating wound healing process. The fundamental aspect of this process consists of four phases: inflammation, initiation, proliferation, and remodeling. In order to obtain sucessfull wound healing all four phases must occur in a proper sequence and a time frame. Several factors have been known to interfere one or more of these phases. In postmortem condition, wound healing can still occur but the process is different compared to those in antemortem condition. A domestic pig was used on account of the similarity in skin structure and histophysiology with human being to observe the inflammatory process in postmortem wounds. This was an experimental descriptive research. Cut wounds were made at the back of the postmortem pig then skin tissues were taken and reserved in series of time to observe histological features of wound healing process. The results showed that an increase of cells\u27 number in dermis layer of the skin was observed 15 minutes after the cut wounds. The increase of cells\u27 number in the first wounds reached its peak at 150 minutes postmortem, meanwhile the increase of cells\u27 number in second wounds reached its peak at 45 minutes postmortem, 90 minutes after the cut wounds were made. Moreover, the increase of cells\u27number could be observed until 3 hours postmortem. It was concluded that the inflammatory process of wound healing observed by increases of cells\u27 number still occured postmortem for a certain time

Gambaran Histologik Ginjal Hewan Coba Postmortem

: Estimation of postmortem interval plays some significant roles in medicolegal investigation. This was a descriptive experimental study using one local pig as model. Samples were taken from the right and left kidneys at several time intervals: 0 minute, 15 minutes, 30 minutes, 45 minutes, 60 minutes, 12 hours, and 24 hours postmortem. The results showed several histological changes, as follows: hydrophic degeneration in a small part of proximal tubules 30 minutes postmortem that increased after 45 minutes associated with narrowing of Bowman cavities; necrosis of glomeruli and proximal tubules associated with irregular distal tubular lumen and widening of Bowman cavities 60 minutes postmortem; necrosis of distal tubuli 12 hours postmortem; and necrosis of most kidney structures 24 hours postmortem. Conclusion: Hydrophic degeneration of proximal tubuli is the earliest histological change 30 minutes postmortem, followed by necrosis of glomeruli as well as proximal and distal tubuli that worsened after 24 hours postmortem. It is expected that this study can provide valuable contribution to medicolegal investigation, especially in early postmortem interval estimation

Gambaran Histologik Otot Jantung Pada Hewan Coba Postmortem

: Commonly, unnatural death is complicated and causes difficulties for to the investigating officers to reveal the modus operandi and the time of death. Estimation of postmortem interval is very important in the investigation, albeit, it is frequently put the investigators to a debate. This study aimed to obtain the histological changes of heart muscle at several time intervals postmortem. This was a descriptive observational study. A domestic pig weighed ±20kg was used as model. The pig was killled by conducting a blunt trauma at its occipital area. Heart muscle samples were taken at several time intervals as follows: 15 minutes, 30 minutes, 45 minutes, 60 minutes, 75 minutes, 90 minutes, 105 minutes, 2 hours, 3 hours, 4 hours, 5 hours, 6 hours, 12 hours, and 24 hours postmortem. The histological changes were observed with an Olympus CX21 microscope and Optilab. The percentages of those changes were evaluated at 5 high-power fields (400x) for each sample. The results showed that less than 30% of myocytes had flattened and denser nuclei at 105 minutes postmortem and were associated with hydrophic degeneration at 2 hours postmortem. Those changes became widely spreaded and at 24 hours postmortem they could be identified in 60-80% of myocytes. Albeit, the striated pattern could still be identified until 24 hours postmortem. Conclusion: The histological changes of heart muscle postmortem namely morpholocical changes of the nuclei and hydrophic degeneration could be identified at 2 hours postmortem. At 24 hours postmortem those changes were distributed widely among the myocytes, however, the striated pattern could still be identified. Moreover, there were still focal areas with normal appearance

Profil Musculi Facialis Pada Ekspresi Wajah Dan Emosi Dengan Menggunakan Facial Action Coding System Pada Calon Presiden Prabowo

: Limbic system consists of several subsystems with their own roles to back-up human emotion. Human emotion can be observed through facial expression which is controlled by musculi facialis. One of the tools that are used to determine basic emotion of human through facial expression is Facial Action Coding System (FACS) and its action units (AUs). This study aimed to obtain musculi facialis that oftenly and rarely be used by Prabowo and his emotion duringthe first session of 2014-Presidential election debate. This was a retrospective descriptive study. Samples were 30 photos of Prabowo's emotional expression. The observation was performed by using FACS. The results showed that the most commonly used AU was AU 4 (26.92%), meanwhile the most rarely used AUs were AU 9 and AU 29, both were 0.96%. The obtained emotional expressions were happy (6.67%), sad (6.67%), fear (6.67%), angry (46.67%), surprised (3.33%), and disgusted (3.33%). Conclusion: The most commonly used musculus facialis was corrugator supercilii whereas the most rarely used ones were levator labii superioris alaquae nasi and masseter. The emotional expressions, consecutively from the most commonly to the most rarely observed, were angry; happy, as well as sad and fear, and surprised as well as disgust