Nature and Extent of Participation of Farm Women and their Economic Contribution in Agriculture -A Case Study in Hilly District of West Bengal

ABSTRACT Keywords: Participation; Agricultural activities; Economic contribution; Correlation co-efficient; InI n d i a , wo me n b e i n g c o n s i d e r e d a s t h e i n v i s i b l e f a r me r s a r e t h e b a c k b o n e o f t h e wo r kf o r c e wo r k i n ga t t h ef a r ms e c t o r s . F a r mwo me np l a yas i g n i f i c a n t a n d c r u c i a l r o l ei na g r i c u l t u r ea n da l l i e df i e l d sl i k ec r o p p r o d u c t i o n , l i v e s t o c kp r o d u c t i o n , h o r t i c u l t u r e , p o s t h a r v e s t o p e r a t i o n , f i s h e r i e s e t c . T h e2 0 0 1c e n s u s d a t a i n d i c a t e s t h a t 3 8 . 9p e r c e n t o f wo me na r ewo r k i n ga s a g r i c u l t u r a l l a b o u r e r s , 3 2 . 9p e r c e n t a s c u l t i v a t o r s a n d 6 . 5p e r c e n t a s h o u s e h o l di n d u s t r ywo r k e r s . ( Primary Census Abstract: Census of India 2001) .I t h a s b e e n e s t i ma t e dt h a two me nr e p r e s e n t5 0p e rc e n to f p o p u l a t i o na n dh a v ec o n t r i b u t e da b o u t 1 0p e r c e n t o f i n c o me a n d o we l e s s t h a n 1 p e r c e n t o f wo r l d ' s p r o p e r t y ( Badiger and Huiligol, 2004) . Jamal, S et al. ( 2 0 0 5 ) f o u n d t h a t wo me n p l a y a v i t a l r o l e i n n a t i o n b u i l d i n g a n d e c o n o mi c d e v e l o p me n t , s i n c e t h e y a r e 4 9 . 6p e r c e n t o f t h e t o t a l p o p u l a t i o no f P a k i s t a n . T h e i r p a r t i c i p a t i o ni n a g r i c u l t u r e i s 7 5 p e r c e n t h o we v e r , wo me n p a r t i c i p a t i o n i n l i v e s t o c k i s mo r e v i s i b l e t h a n t h e i r p a r t i c i p a t i o n i n c r o p p r o d u c t i o n . Wo me ni nAs i ap l a yi mp o r t a n t r o l e si nf a r mi n g s y s t e ms . A l t h o u g h t h e y a r e v i s i b l y i n t e g r a t e d i n t o v a r i o u s p r o d u c t i o na n di n c o me -e a r n i n ga c t i v i t i e sa sf a r m ma n a g e r sa n dwa g el a b o u r e r s , c o n s i d e r a t i o no f t h e i r r o l e s h a s n o t y e t b e e ni n t e g r a t e di n t or e s e a r c ha n di n t o t e c h n o l o g yd e v e l o p me n t .S t u d i e si nI n d o n e s i a , P h i l i p p i n e s , a n do t h e rAs i a nc o u n t r i e ss h o we dt h a t wo me np r o v i d emo r et h a n3 0 -5 0p e r c e n t o f t h et o t a l l a b o u ri na g r i c u l t u r e (Sajogyo and Paris,1989) . Fabiyi, E.F et al. (2007) s h o we dt h a t wo me nwe r e i n v o l v e di na l l f a r m a c t i v i t i e sf r o m l a n dc l e a r i n gt o h a r v e s t i n g , p r o c e s s i n g a n d ma r k e t i n g o f p r o d u c e . Zend, J.P et al. (2009) o b s e r v e dt h a t t h ea c t i v i t i e ss u c ha s we e d i n g , c o t t o np i c k i n g , d i b b l i n ge t c . we r es o l e l y p e r f o r me db ywo me n . Wo me ns p e n t mo r et h a ns i x h o u r s p e r d a y i n t h e f i e l d . T h e y p e r f o r me d a l l a g r i c u l t u r a l t a s k si nt r a d i t i o n a l ma n n e r a n dwe r eu n a wa r eo f t h e n e wt e c h n o l o g i e s . Pattanaik, T (1994) f o u n dt h a t f a r m wo me na r e mo r e i n v o l v e di nh a r v e s t i n g a n ds t o r a g e o f g r a i n t h a n i n o t h e r a g r i c u l t u r a l a c t i v i t i e s , s u c h a s f e r t i l i z e

Comparative analysis of proximate compositions, mineral and functional chemical groups of 15 different seaweed species

Seaweed is a popular edible source and is associated with many foods and pharmaceutical industries around the world. The current research aims to provide information on the chemical composition of 15 seaweed species consisted of Chlorophyta, Ochrophyta/Phaeophyceae, and Rhodophyta macroalgae, collected from coastal areas of Sri Lanka. Seaweed samples were subjected to the analysis of lipids, proteins, ash and macro, micro, trace and ultra-trace elements. The highest protein content was recorded in the brown algae. Maximum dietary fiber and ash contents were recorded from green algae. The highest predominant fatty acids were observed from green seaweeds (Caulerpa racemosa); however, linoleic acid (C18:2n6) is the dominant fatty acid of all macroalgae. Mineral contents were highest in the red macroalga; however, copper, zinc and magnesium were also comparatively higher in green alga Ulva lactuca. In conclusion, 15 seaweed species belonging to the three different classes of seaweeds are investigated in detail to obtain their biochemical, mineral, and fatty acid compositions for the synthesis of novel therapeutic agents. In order to explore biorefinery processes for these seaweeds, as well as how they can potentially be cultivated, more extensive studies are required. Studying and determining the nutritional values of seaweeds will be beneficial with the potential for future industrial uses and research

A novel therapeutic effect of mannitol-rich extract from the brown seaweed Sargassum ilicifolium using in vitro and in vivo models

Background: Wound healing is an active, complex, integrated series of cellular, physiological, and biochemical changes initiated by the stimulus of injury in a tissue. The present study was performed to investigate the potential wound healing abilities of Sargassum ilicifolium crude extracts (CE) that were characterized by 1H NMR and FTIR Spectrometric measurements. Materials and methods: Seaweed samples were collected from southern coastal sites of Sri Lanka. To determine the cytotoxicity and proliferation of S. ilicifolium CE were used for the MTT and alamarBlue assays respectively. The scratch and exclusion wound models were used to HaCaT and HDF cells to assess the cell proliferation and migration. RAW 264.7 cells (macrophages) were used to evaluate Nitric Oxide (NO) production and phagocytosis activities. Moreover, Fifteen, 8-week-old, female, New Zealand rabbits were selected and divided into five groups: excision skin wounds (10.40 ± 0.60 mm) were induced in groups I, II, and III. Rabbits in groups I and IV were given S. ilicifolium CE (orally, 100 mg/kg day, two weeks), whereas groups II and V were given equal amounts of distilled water. Wound healing properties were measured and wound tissue samples were collated, formalin-fixed, wax-embedded, stained (Hematoxylin and Eosin; Van Gieson) and examined for the healing process. Results: Anti-inflammatory and wound healing activities were observed in RAW 264.7, HDF and HaCaT cells treated with S. ilicifolium aqueous extracts when compared to the control groups. S. ilicifolium extracts concentration 8 - 4 μg/μL, (P<0.05) had remarkable the highest proliferative and migratory effects on RAW 264.7, HDF and HaCaT cells when compared with the control. RAW 264.7 cell proliferation and/or migration were higher in S. ilicifolium extracts (4 μg/μL, 232.8 ± 10.07%) compared with the control (100 %). Scratch wound healing were remarkably enhanced in 24 h, 48 h (P<0.05) when treated with S. ilicifolium on HaCaT cells. Rabbits treated with the CE of S. ilicifolium showed a significantly increased wound healing activities (P<0.05) within three days with a close wound area of 57.21 ± 0.77 % compared with control group (26.63 ± 1.09 %). Histopathology, aspartate aminotransferase and alanine aminotransferase levels evidenced no toxic effects on seaweed treated groups. Histopathological results also revealed that the healing process was significantly faster in the rabbit groups which were as treated with CE of S. ilicifolium orally with the evidence of enhanced early granulation tissue (connective tissue and angiogenesis) and significant epithelization compared to the control. Conclusions: Cell proliferation and migration are significantly faster when treated with S. ilicifolium aqueous extracts. Moreover, there are no toxic effect of S. ilicifolium aqueous extracts on RAW 264.7, HDF and HaCaT cell lines. In this study, it is revealed that S. ilicifolium has potential remedial agent; D-Mannitol for skin wound healing properties that by promote keratinocyte and fibroblast proliferation and migration. These findings show that S. ilicifolium have promising wound healing properties

Polypyridylruthenium(II) complexes exert anti-schistosome activity and inhibit parasite acetylcholinesterases

Background: Schistosomiasis affects over 200 million people and there are concerns whether the current chemotherapeutic control strategy (periodic mass drug administration with praziquantel (PZQ)—the only licenced anti-schistosome compound) is sustainable, necessitating the development of new drugs. Methodology/Principal findings: We investigated the anti-schistosome efficacy of polypyridylruthenium(II) complexes and showed they were active against all intra-mammalian stages of S. mansoni. Two compounds, Rubb12-tri and Rubb7-tnl, which were among the most potent in their ability to kill schistosomula and adult worms and inhibit egg hatching in vitro, were assessed for their efficacy in a mouse model of schistosomiasis using 5 consecutive daily i.v. doses of 2 mg/kg (Rubb12-tri) and 10 mg/kg (Rubb7-tnl). Mice treated with Rubb12-tri showed an average 42% reduction (P = 0.009), over two independent trials, in adult worm burden. Liver egg burdens were not significantly decreased in either drug-treated group but ova from both of these groups showed significant decreases in hatching ability (Rubb12-tri—68%, Rubb7-tnl—56%) and were significantly morphologically altered (Rubb12-tri—62% abnormal, Rubb7-tnl—35% abnormal). We hypothesize that the drugs exerted their activity, at least partially, through inhibition of both neuronal and tegumental acetylcholinesterases (AChEs), as worms treated in vitro showed significant decreases in activity of these enzymes. Further, treated parasites exhibited a significantly decreased ability to uptake glucose, significantly depleted glycogen stores and withered tubercules (a site of glycogen storage), implying drug-mediated interference in this nutrient acquisition pathway. Conclusions/Significance: Our data provide compelling evidence that ruthenium complexes are effective against all intra-mammalian stages of schistosomes, including schistosomula (refractory to PZQ) and eggs (agents of disease transmissibility). Further, the results of this study suggest that schistosome AChE is a target of ruthenium drugs, a finding that can inform modification of current compounds to identify analogues which are even more effective and selective against schistosomes. Author summary: Schistosomiasis is a neglected tropical disease which affects over 200 million people and there is only one licensed drug, praziquantel, currently available for treatment. In a search for new drugs to control schistosomiasis, we tested the anti-schistosome efficacy of a series of ruthenium compounds and found that a number of them were able to inhibit parasite eggs from hatching and kill adult worms and praziquantel-refractory juvenile worms in vitro. We demonstrated that the compounds inhibit schistosome acetylcholinesterase (the enzyme that breaks down the neurotransmitter acetylcholine), which could potentially result in paralysis of the parasite, likely due to uncontrolled neuromuscular function caused by acetylcholine excess. Moreover, we showed that drug-treated worms had a significantly reduced ability to uptake exogenous glucose and markedly depleted glycogen stores, presumably through inhibition of the acetylcholinesterase-mediated glucose scavenging pathway. Lastly, we found that two of the drugs—Rubb12-tri and Rubb7-tnl—when used to treat schistosome-infected mice, were able to reduce worm burdens and significantly affect the viability of parasite eggs in vivo, which would have a marked impact on disease transmission. We believe that these complexes are desirable drug lead scaffolds which could be used to develop effective and selective compounds to control and treat schistosomiasis and, potentially, other parasitic diseases.Madhu K. Sundaraneedi, Bemnet A. Tedla, Ramon M. Eichenberger, Luke Becker, Darren Pickering, Michael J. Smout, Siji Rajan, Phurpa Wangchuk, F. Richard Keene, Alex Loukas, J. Grant Collins, Mark S. Pearso

Polypyridylruthenium(II) complexes exert in vitro and in vivo nematocidal activity and show significant inhibition of parasite acetylcholinesterases

Over 4.5 billion people are at risk of infection with soil transmitted helminths and there are concerns about the development of resistance to the handful of frontline nematocides in endemic populations. We investigated the anti-nematode efficacy of a series of polypyridylruthenium(II) complexes and showed they were active against L3 and adult stages of Trichuris muris, the rodent homologue of the causative agent of human trichuriasis, T. trichiura. One of the compounds, Rubb12-mono, which was among the most potent in its ability to kill L3 (IC50 = 3.1 ± 0.4 μM) and adult (IC50 = 5.2 ± 0.3 μM) stage worms was assessed for efficacy in a mouse model of trichuriasis by administering 3 consecutive daily oral doses of the drug 3 weeks post infection with the murine whipworm Trichuris muris. Mice treated with Rubb12-mono showed an average 66% reduction (P = 0.015) in faecal egg count over two independent trials. The drugs partially exerted their activity through inhibition of acetylcholinesterases, as worms treated in vitro and in vivo showed significant decreases in the activity of this class of enzymes. Our data show that ruthenium complexes are effective against T. muris, a model gastro-intestinal nematode and soil-transmitted helminth. Further, knowledge of the target of ruthenium drugs can facilitate modification of current compounds to identify analogues which are even more effective and selective against Trichuris and other helminths of human and veterinary importance.Madhu Sundaraneedi, , Ramon M. Eichenberger, Rafid Al-Hallaf, Dai Yang, Javier Sotillo, Siji Rajan, Phurpa Wangchuk, Paul R. Giacomin, F. Richard Keene, Alex Loukas, J. Grant Collinsa, Mark S. Pearso

Threats of Zika virus transmission for Asia and its Hindu-Kush Himalayan region

This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made.No specific funding was received for this research. However, the work of RM, UK and DAG was funded by the Federal Ministry of Education and Research of Germany (BMBF) under the project AECO (number 01Kl1717) as part of the National Research Network on Zoonotic Infectious Diseases of Germany

A descriptive analysis of clinico-demographic features and microbiological results of typhoid fever suspected patients in four large hospitals of Bhutan

Introduction: Bhutan reports about 2000 typhoid fever cases annually. We aimed at understanding the clinico-demographic features and microbiological results of patients with suspected typhoid fever. Methods: A yearlong (2012) study of typhoid fever suspects was conducted to describe and analyse associations of demographic and clinical features with laboratory findings. Results: A total of 457 patients were enrolled. Most patients were from Phuntsholing General Hospital (n=181; 39.6%) followed by Jigme Dorji Wangchuck National Referral Hospital (n=170; 37.2%), Eastern Regional Referral Hospital (n=56; 12.3%) and Central Regional Referral Hospital (n=50; 10.9%). Fever (n=420; 91.9 %) and headache (n=397; 86.9 %) were the commonest symptoms reported by the patients. Only 30% (n=137) and 11.2% (n=51) had diarrhoea and constipation respectively. Mean duration of illness was 11.2 days. Among the 457 Widal tests performed, 76.1% (n=348) were negative, 12.3 % (n=56) positive for O antigen, 8.5% (n=39) for H antigen and 3.1% (n=14) for both. Only 2 of the 109 (1.8%) patients with a positive Widal test had a positive blood culture. Widal test showed a sensitivity of 33.3% and specificity of 76.3%. There was no association of any symptoms to antibody titres. There were three peaks when suspected cases reported to hospitals. More than 97% (n=447) of blood were sterile and Salmonella Typhi was isolated only in 1.3% (n=6). Only one isolate showed resistance to amoxicillin and nalidixic acid. Conclusion: Typhoid fever was not being diagnosed satisfactorily but over-diagnosed and treated clinically. Widal test should be replaced by more sensitive and specific tests or used cautiously with well-defined cut-off titres. </p