Do language models know how to be polite?

Politeness is often associated with a degree of formality that the speaker conveys to the addressee of a conversation. There are multiple ways to convey politeness in natural language. Languages such as Korean and Japanese, for instance, have politeness markers that appear in certain positions inside a given sentence. Sometimes, the absence of these politeness markers leads to inappropriateness. This work focuses on a particular case in which a politeness marker can be realized only when its dependency requirement is satisfied. While language model (LM) performance on syntactic dependencies such as filler-gap dependencies (Wilcox et al., 2018), subject-verb agreement (Linzen et al., 2016), anaphor binding (Hu et al., 2020), and control phenomena (Lee and Schuster, 2022) have been explored in recent years, little work has been done on non-syntactic dependencies that reflect politeness or even pragmatic effects in general. The phenomenon at issue is unique in that the dependency is not fulfilled by any of the commonly assumed syntactic disposition or agreement patterns observed elsewhere in the human grammar. Our results suggest that the overall performance of the Transformer-based LMs such as GPT-2 and the variants of BERT on this dependency test is unexpected. Since their performance is below or around chance accuracy for the main task of our experiment, we posit that these pretrained LMs fail to fully capture the politeness phenomenon in Korean. The performance of ChatGPT on a related task, however, is significantly better than its predecessors. While it is tempting to conclude that ChatGPT is better suited for capturing this specific phenomenon, we show that the model is right for the wrong reason. We demonstrate that the model merely selects the sentence that ends with the politeness marker, instead of recognizing the true dependency between the cue word and the target word

Psychometric properties of a short self-reported measure of medication adherence among patients with hypertension treated in a busy clinical setting in Korea.

BackgroundWe examined the psychometric properties of the Korean version of the 8-item Morisky Medication Adherence Scale (MMAS-8) among adults with hypertension.MethodsA total of 373 adults with hypertension were given face-to-face interviews in 2 cardiology clinics at 2 large teaching hospitals in Seoul, South Korea. Blood pressure was measured twice, and medical records were reviewed. About one-third of the participants (n = 109) were randomly selected for a 2-week test-retest evaluation of reliability via telephone interview.ResultsInternal consistency reliability was moderate (Cronbach α = 0.56), and test-retest reliability was excellent (intraclass correlation = 0.91; P < 0.001), although a ceiling effect was detected. The correlation of MMAS-8 scores with scores for the original 4-item scale indicated that convergent validity was good (r = 0.92; P < 0.01). A low MMAS-8 score was significantly associated with poor blood pressure control (χ(2) = 29.86; P < 0.001; adjusted odds ratio = 5.08; 95% CI, 2.56-10.08). Using a cut-off point of 6, sensitivity and specificity were 64.3% and 72.9%, respectively. Exploratory factor analysis identified 3 dimensions of the scale, with poor fit for the 1-dimensional construct using confirmatory factory analysis.ConclusionsThe MMAS-8 had satisfactory reliability and validity and thus might be suitable for assessment and counseling regarding medication adherence among adults with hypertension in a busy clinical setting in Korea

DexTouch: Learning to Seek and Manipulate Objects with Tactile Dexterity

The sense of touch is an essential ability for skillfully performing a variety of tasks, providing the capacity to search and manipulate objects without relying on visual information. Extensive research has been conducted over time to apply these human tactile abilities to robots. In this paper, we introduce a multi-finger robot system designed to search for and manipulate objects using the sense of touch without relying on visual information. Randomly located target objects are searched using tactile sensors, and the objects are manipulated for tasks that mimic daily-life. The objective of the study is to endow robots with human-like tactile capabilities. To achieve this, binary tactile sensors are implemented on one side of the robot hand to minimize the Sim2Real gap. Training the policy through reinforcement learning in simulation and transferring the trained policy to the real environment, we demonstrate that object search and manipulation using tactile sensors is possible even in an environment without vision information. In addition, an ablation study was conducted to analyze the effect of tactile information on manipulative tasks. Our project page is available at https://lee-kangwon.github.io/dextouch/Comment: Project page: https://lee-kangwon.github.io/dextouch

Accelerated galaxy growth and environmental quenching in a protocluster at z=3.24

We present a multiwavelength study of galaxies around D4UD01, a spectroscopically confirmed protocluster at z = 3.24, to investigate environmental trends. 450 galaxies are selected based on KS band detection with photometric redshifts (photo-z) at 3.0 &lt; z &lt; 3.4, among which ∼12% are classified as quiescent galaxies. The quiescent galaxies are among the most massive and reddest ones in the entire sample. We identify a large photo-z galaxy overdensity in the field, which lies close to the previously spectroscopically confirmed sources of the protocluster. We find that the quiescent galaxies are largely concentrated in the overdense protocluster region with a higher quiescent fraction, showing a sign of environmental quenching. Galaxies in the protocluster are forming faster than their field counterparts as seen in the stellar mass function, suggesting early and accelerated mass assembly in the overdense regions. Although weak evidence of suppressed star formation is found in the protocluster, the statistics are not significant enough to draw a definite conclusion. Our work sheds light on how the formation of massive galaxies is affected in the dense region of a protocluster when the universe was only 2 Gyr old.</p

Troubleshooting Arterial-Phase MR Images of Gadoxetate Disodium-Enhanced Liver.

Gadoxetate disodium is a widely used magnetic resonance (MR) contrast agent for liver MR imaging, and it provides both dynamic and hepatobiliary phase images. However, acquiring optimal arterial phase images at liver MR using gadoxetate disodium is more challenging than using conventional extracellular MR contrast agent because of the small volume administered, the gadolinium content of the agent, and the common occurrence of transient severe motion. In this article, we identify the challenges in obtaining high-quality arterial-phase images of gadoxetate disodium-enhanced liver MR imaging and present strategies for optimizing arterial-phase imaging based on the thorough review of recent research in this field

Accelerated galaxy growth and environmental quenching in a protocluster at z=3.24

We present a multiwavelength study of galaxies around D4UD01, a spectroscopically confirmed protocluster at z = 3.24 to investigate environmental trends. 450 galaxies are selected based on Ks band detection with photometric redshifts (photo-z) at 3.0 < z < 3.4, among which ~ 12% are classified as quiescent galaxies. The quiescent galaxies are among the most massive and reddest ones in the entire sample. We identify a large photo-z galaxy overdensity in the field, which lies close to the previously spectroscopically confirmed sources of the protocluster. We find that the quiescent galaxies are largely concentrated in the overdense protocluster region with a higher quiescent fraction, showing a sign of environmental quenching. Galaxies in the protocluster are forming faster than the field counterparts as seen in the stellar mass function, suggesting early and accelerated mass assembly in the overdense regions. Although weak evidence of suppressed star-formation is found in the protocluster, the statistics are not significant enough to draw a definite conclusion. Our work shed light on how the formation of massive galaxies is affected in the dense region of a protocluster when the Universe was only 2 Gyr old.Comment: 16 pages, 7 figures, accepted to Ap

The use of telehealth during the coronavirus (COVID-19) pandemic in oral and maxillofacial surgery : A qualitative analysis

Peer reviewedPublisher PD