378 research outputs found
Ceria–terbia solid solution nanobelts with high catalytic activities for CO oxidation
Ceria–terbia solid solution nanobelts were prepared by an electrochemical route and tested as catalysts of high activity for CO oxidation
Withaferin A promotes proliferation and migration of brain endothelial cells
Purpose: To investigate the effect of withaferin A (WFA) on the proliferation and migration of brain endothelial cells.Methods: BALB-5023 mouse microvascular cells were treated with a range of withaferin A (WFA) concentrations from 10 to 100 ng/mL. Dojindo’s CCK-8 cell proliferation kit was used for the analysis of cell proliferation. Transwell cell culture inserts were used to determine the migration potential of WFAtreated endothelial cells. Absorbance was measured at 450 nm on an enzyme-linked immunosorbent(ELISA) reader.Results: The results revealed a significant increase in the proliferation and migration of endothelial cells following treatment with a low concentration (30 ng/mL) of WFA compared with the higher concentration (> 10 ng/mL). The effect was further enhanced when WFA was used in combination with soluble Fas ligand (sFasL). Autocrine signaling of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) by endothelial cellswas significantly increased following treatment with WFA or in combination with sFasL. WFA increased the expression of Fas on endothelial cells, suggesting the involvement of sFasL in the proliferation and migration of brain endothelial cells.Conclusion: Thus, WFA promotes the proliferation and migration of endothelial cells through increase in the expression of Fas and secretion of VEGF.Keywords: Endothelial cells, Vascular endothelial growth factor, Microvascular, Vascular disease, Withaferin
Hidden Euclidean dynamical symmetry in the U(n+1) vibron model
Based on the boson realization of the Euclidean algebras, it is found that
the E() dynamical symmetry (DS) may emerge at the critical point of the
U()-SO() quantum phase transition. To justify this finding, we provide
a detailed analysis of the critical dynamics in the U() vibron model in
both quantal and classical ways. It is further shown that the low-lying
structure of Kr may serve as an excellent empirical realization of the
E(5) DS in experiments
ToxicChat: Unveiling Hidden Challenges of Toxicity Detection in Real-World User-AI Conversation
Despite remarkable advances that large language models have achieved in
chatbots, maintaining a non-toxic user-AI interactive environment has become
increasingly critical nowadays. However, previous efforts in toxicity detection
have been mostly based on benchmarks derived from social media content, leaving
the unique challenges inherent to real-world user-AI interactions
insufficiently explored. In this work, we introduce ToxicChat, a novel
benchmark based on real user queries from an open-source chatbot. This
benchmark contains the rich, nuanced phenomena that can be tricky for current
toxicity detection models to identify, revealing a significant domain
difference compared to social media content. Our systematic evaluation of
models trained on existing toxicity datasets has shown their shortcomings when
applied to this unique domain of ToxicChat. Our work illuminates the
potentially overlooked challenges of toxicity detection in real-world user-AI
conversations. In the future, ToxicChat can be a valuable resource to drive
further advancements toward building a safe and healthy environment for user-AI
interactions
Dynamic Layer Aggregation for Neural Machine Translation with Routing-by-Agreement
With the promising progress of deep neural networks, layer aggregation has
been used to fuse information across layers in various fields, such as computer
vision and machine translation. However, most of the previous methods combine
layers in a static fashion in that their aggregation strategy is independent of
specific hidden states. Inspired by recent progress on capsule networks, in
this paper we propose to use routing-by-agreement strategies to aggregate
layers dynamically. Specifically, the algorithm learns the probability of a
part (individual layer representations) assigned to a whole (aggregated
representations) in an iterative way and combines parts accordingly. We
implement our algorithm on top of the state-of-the-art neural machine
translation model TRANSFORMER and conduct experiments on the widely-used WMT14
English-German and WMT17 Chinese-English translation datasets. Experimental
results across language pairs show that the proposed approach consistently
outperforms the strong baseline model and a representative static aggregation
model.Comment: AAAI 201
Eliminating Reasoning via Inferring with Planning: A New Framework to Guide LLMs' Non-linear Thinking
Chain-of-Thought(CoT) prompting and its variants explore equipping large
language models (LLMs) with high-level reasoning abilities by emulating
human-like linear cognition and logic. However, the human mind is complicated
and mixed with both linear and nonlinear thinking. In this work, we propose
\textbf{I}nferential \textbf{E}xclusion \textbf{P}rompting (IEP), a novel
prompting that combines the principles of elimination and inference in order to
guide LLMs to think non-linearly. IEP guides LLMs to plan and then utilize
Natural Language Inference (NLI) to deduce each possible solution's entailment
relation with context, commonsense, or facts, therefore yielding a broader
perspective by thinking back for inferring. This forward planning and backward
eliminating process allows IEP to better simulate the complex human thinking
processes compared to other CoT-based methods, which only reflect linear
cognitive processes. We conducted a series of empirical studies and have
corroborated that IEP consistently outperforms CoT across various tasks.
Additionally, we observe that integrating IEP and CoT further improves the
LLMs' performance on certain tasks, highlighting the necessity of equipping
LLMs with mixed logic processes. Moreover, to better evaluate comprehensive
features inherent in human logic, we introduce \textbf{M}ental-\textbf{A}bility
\textbf{R}easoning \textbf{B}enchmark (MARB). The benchmark comprises six novel
subtasks with a total of 9,115 questions, among which 1,685 are developed with
hand-crafted rationale references. We believe both \textsc{IEP} and
\textsc{MARB} can serve as a promising direction for unveiling LLMs' logic and
verbal reasoning abilities and drive further advancements. \textsc{MARB} will
be available at ~\texttt{anonymity link} soon
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